1 00:00:28,230 --> 00:00:27,029 how about now ah 2 00:00:30,390 --> 00:00:28,240 there we go 3 00:00:31,990 --> 00:00:30,400 i'm live again okay so welcome back 4 00:00:34,150 --> 00:00:32,000 everybody to day two of solar system 5 00:00:35,750 --> 00:00:34,160 exploration at 50. our symposium 6 00:00:37,830 --> 00:00:35,760 co-sponsored by the national air space 7 00:00:40,310 --> 00:00:37,840 museum uh science mission director at 8 00:00:43,110 --> 00:00:40,320 nasa headquarters jpl and of course the 9 00:00:44,310 --> 00:00:43,120 nasa history office um we had i think a 10 00:00:45,670 --> 00:00:44,320 really interesting day yesterday and 11 00:00:47,510 --> 00:00:45,680 we've got another interesting day ahead 12 00:00:49,270 --> 00:00:47,520 for you today a little less over 13 00:00:51,189 --> 00:00:49,280 scheduled today than yesterday so a 14 00:00:53,189 --> 00:00:51,199 little more time for people to chat and 15 00:00:54,950 --> 00:00:53,199 do some things uh so i think you'll 16 00:00:56,470 --> 00:00:54,960 enjoy the day and be sure to stick 17 00:00:57,430 --> 00:00:56,480 around for uh the afternoon panel i 18 00:00:59,750 --> 00:00:57,440 think it's gonna be a really interesting 19 00:01:01,349 --> 00:00:59,760 one our closing panel 20 00:01:02,869 --> 00:01:01,359 uh in case you forgot i'm bill berry and 21 00:01:03,750 --> 00:01:02,879 has the chief historian 22 00:01:05,189 --> 00:01:03,760 and 23 00:01:06,390 --> 00:01:05,199 before we introduce our keynote speaker 24 00:01:08,149 --> 00:01:06,400 today let me run over a couple of 25 00:01:09,910 --> 00:01:08,159 administrative announcements for those 26 00:01:11,510 --> 00:01:09,920 who weren't here yesterday 27 00:01:13,270 --> 00:01:11,520 the safety briefing is if something 28 00:01:15,350 --> 00:01:13,280 happens and we need to exit the building 29 00:01:17,109 --> 00:01:15,360 exit the doors to your left over here 30 00:01:18,630 --> 00:01:17,119 unless you're told otherwise and it'll 31 00:01:19,510 --> 00:01:18,640 get you outside 32 00:01:20,870 --> 00:01:19,520 um 33 00:01:22,789 --> 00:01:20,880 for our courtesy announcement for the 34 00:01:24,390 --> 00:01:22,799 day remember to turn your cell phones to 35 00:01:27,350 --> 00:01:24,400 vibrate mode or some other quiet mode so 36 00:01:30,630 --> 00:01:27,360 we don't interrupt the speakers um 37 00:01:31,749 --> 00:01:30,640 and lunch today is on your own 38 00:01:33,350 --> 00:01:31,759 so 39 00:01:35,830 --> 00:01:33,360 and we have a tradition here at our nasa 40 00:01:37,910 --> 00:01:35,840 history symposia that 41 00:01:40,069 --> 00:01:37,920 you always take a buddy to lunch so 42 00:01:41,350 --> 00:01:40,079 don't go eat lunch on your own go find 43 00:01:42,630 --> 00:01:41,360 somebody pick somebody that you haven't 44 00:01:44,950 --> 00:01:42,640 ever talked to before or somebody that 45 00:01:46,710 --> 00:01:44,960 you want to develop an acquaintance with 46 00:01:48,310 --> 00:01:46,720 take them out to lunch and go have lunch 47 00:01:50,230 --> 00:01:48,320 together so we'll have a break for lunch 48 00:01:51,910 --> 00:01:50,240 this afternoon for that 49 00:01:53,910 --> 00:01:51,920 again we're doing a live webcast today 50 00:01:55,990 --> 00:01:53,920 so welcome to everybody who's online and 51 00:01:57,350 --> 00:01:56,000 for those of you here in the room uh 52 00:01:58,149 --> 00:01:57,360 please remember that uh if you're gonna 53 00:02:00,950 --> 00:01:58,159 ask a question we do have the 54 00:02:02,709 --> 00:02:00,960 microphones in the aisleways there 55 00:02:04,069 --> 00:02:02,719 make sure you're on microphone when 56 00:02:06,389 --> 00:02:04,079 you're talking so that everybody on the 57 00:02:07,429 --> 00:02:06,399 web can get us and also that it's 58 00:02:09,350 --> 00:02:07,439 appropriately archived because the 59 00:02:10,790 --> 00:02:09,360 webcast will be available in the future 60 00:02:13,910 --> 00:02:10,800 for people to watch or if you want to 61 00:02:16,229 --> 00:02:13,920 come back and watch yourself again 62 00:02:18,150 --> 00:02:16,239 okay again my thanks to our host 63 00:02:19,990 --> 00:02:18,160 lockheed martin and to all the staff 64 00:02:21,350 --> 00:02:20,000 that's worked on us who 65 00:02:23,030 --> 00:02:21,360 if it was successful yesterday it was 66 00:02:24,790 --> 00:02:23,040 largely a result of the work of a lot of 67 00:02:26,790 --> 00:02:24,800 people that behind the scenes that uh 68 00:02:29,510 --> 00:02:26,800 that you don't see you know not i.e not 69 00:02:30,790 --> 00:02:29,520 me so um uh i 70 00:02:31,990 --> 00:02:30,800 great thanks for all those folks who 71 00:02:34,390 --> 00:02:32,000 will make comments about that at the 72 00:02:35,589 --> 00:02:34,400 close of the day again today but without 73 00:02:37,750 --> 00:02:35,599 further ado let me introduce linda 74 00:02:45,670 --> 00:02:37,760 billings who will kick out our keynote 75 00:02:49,430 --> 00:02:47,190 i'm pleased and honored to be able to 76 00:02:51,589 --> 00:02:49,440 introduce our morning keynote speakers 77 00:02:53,509 --> 00:02:51,599 who i'm sure will wake us all up if 78 00:02:56,070 --> 00:02:53,519 we're not already awake uh with a very 79 00:02:59,270 --> 00:02:56,080 interesting talk which i'm i've been 80 00:03:01,750 --> 00:02:59,280 anxiously awaiting to hear um 81 00:03:04,470 --> 00:03:01,760 i remember when i first met wes hunters 82 00:03:05,750 --> 00:03:04,480 he had just left jpl for headquarters 83 00:03:09,110 --> 00:03:05,760 and 84 00:03:10,790 --> 00:03:09,120 speak at a career day at the thomas 85 00:03:13,030 --> 00:03:10,800 jefferson high school for science and 86 00:03:15,670 --> 00:03:13,040 technology in virginia 87 00:03:16,949 --> 00:03:15,680 and i remember asking him why the heck 88 00:03:18,710 --> 00:03:16,959 would anybody want to leave southern 89 00:03:21,750 --> 00:03:18,720 california for here 90 00:03:23,509 --> 00:03:21,760 but he stayed miraculously and as we've 91 00:03:25,830 --> 00:03:23,519 heard yesterday 92 00:03:28,470 --> 00:03:25,840 has accomplished a lot 93 00:03:30,550 --> 00:03:28,480 for the field of science and he's 94 00:03:32,869 --> 00:03:30,560 currently chairing nasa's 95 00:03:35,030 --> 00:03:32,879 the nasa advisory council's 96 00:03:37,990 --> 00:03:35,040 science advisory committee and i 97 00:03:42,149 --> 00:03:38,000 particularly admire wes for um taking a 98 00:03:45,030 --> 00:03:42,159 stand uh and stepping down 99 00:03:47,190 --> 00:03:45,040 at a time few years in the past 100 00:03:49,830 --> 00:03:47,200 and then coming back 101 00:03:52,070 --> 00:03:49,840 to take charge of that committee and i 102 00:03:54,789 --> 00:03:52,080 just yesterday met 103 00:03:57,110 --> 00:03:54,799 academician mikhail merov a great 104 00:03:59,270 --> 00:03:57,120 pleasure and i'm not going to read bios 105 00:04:00,550 --> 00:03:59,280 here 106 00:04:02,869 --> 00:04:00,560 but um 107 00:04:04,390 --> 00:04:02,879 academician merov um you've heard about 108 00:04:06,710 --> 00:04:04,400 his accomplishments yesterday too and 109 00:04:08,309 --> 00:04:06,720 we'll hear more today uh 110 00:04:10,309 --> 00:04:08,319 he's a member of the russian academy of 111 00:04:12,710 --> 00:04:10,319 sciences and uh the international 112 00:04:14,390 --> 00:04:12,720 academy of astronautics and wes has been 113 00:04:16,710 --> 00:04:14,400 very active in the international academy 114 00:04:19,270 --> 00:04:16,720 of astronautics so i'm sure these two 115 00:04:22,710 --> 00:04:19,280 have done a lot through iaa over the 116 00:04:24,790 --> 00:04:22,720 years and so as not to take up any of 117 00:04:26,790 --> 00:04:24,800 the time from the interesting story they 118 00:04:35,590 --> 00:04:26,800 have to tell i'm going to let them come 119 00:04:39,350 --> 00:04:38,469 well good morning everybody 120 00:04:41,350 --> 00:04:39,360 or 121 00:04:43,350 --> 00:04:41,360 bible utra if you happen to speak a 122 00:04:44,710 --> 00:04:43,360 little russian 123 00:04:51,909 --> 00:04:44,720 let me make sure i know how this thing 124 00:04:51,919 --> 00:04:59,430 well that one's not mine 125 00:04:59,440 --> 00:05:06,710 help from back there 126 00:05:06,720 --> 00:05:14,710 no thanks 127 00:05:14,720 --> 00:05:30,310 that way aim it that way 128 00:05:33,990 --> 00:05:32,150 no you don't want to hear me sing that 129 00:05:37,189 --> 00:05:34,000 wouldn't that would that would that 130 00:05:41,510 --> 00:05:39,270 okay here we go well 131 00:05:43,670 --> 00:05:41,520 what uh mikhail and i would like to do 132 00:05:44,950 --> 00:05:43,680 this morning is to tell you a bit 133 00:05:46,870 --> 00:05:44,960 about the 134 00:05:48,550 --> 00:05:46,880 other robotic lunar and planetary 135 00:05:50,870 --> 00:05:48,560 exploration program 136 00:05:53,350 --> 00:05:50,880 uh that of the soviet union uh with an 137 00:05:55,990 --> 00:05:53,360 emphasis really on the early years 138 00:05:58,830 --> 00:05:56,000 during its formulation and development 139 00:06:00,629 --> 00:05:58,840 period between 1960 and 140 00:06:01,990 --> 00:06:00,639 1975 141 00:06:03,990 --> 00:06:02,000 uh 142 00:06:07,670 --> 00:06:04,000 you know it was really born as part of 143 00:06:09,749 --> 00:06:07,680 the cold war just as our own was 144 00:06:11,590 --> 00:06:09,759 and because most events 145 00:06:13,749 --> 00:06:11,600 in the soviet program 146 00:06:15,749 --> 00:06:13,759 were happened behind the iron curtain 147 00:06:18,070 --> 00:06:15,759 and were virtually unknown 148 00:06:20,870 --> 00:06:18,080 outside the closed circle of soviet 149 00:06:23,270 --> 00:06:20,880 secrecy other than their successes it 150 00:06:26,309 --> 00:06:23,280 really provided a rather mysterious 151 00:06:28,950 --> 00:06:26,319 stimulus in the american program 152 00:06:30,629 --> 00:06:28,960 but behind that wall it was really a 153 00:06:32,550 --> 00:06:30,639 tale of adventure 154 00:06:35,749 --> 00:06:32,560 and of excitement 155 00:06:39,029 --> 00:06:35,759 and also suspense tragedy a real 156 00:06:41,909 --> 00:06:39,039 dramatic program uh and it also is a 157 00:06:45,189 --> 00:06:41,919 tale of great accomplishment 158 00:06:46,870 --> 00:06:45,199 alongside very debilitating losses 159 00:06:49,189 --> 00:06:46,880 and driven really by a thirst for 160 00:06:49,909 --> 00:06:49,199 technological achievement just as our 161 00:06:52,390 --> 00:06:49,919 own 162 00:06:54,790 --> 00:06:52,400 and desire for international recognition 163 00:06:56,390 --> 00:06:54,800 and respect 164 00:06:58,230 --> 00:06:56,400 now in the early years of space 165 00:07:00,390 --> 00:06:58,240 exploration in both the us and the 166 00:07:03,990 --> 00:07:00,400 soviet union that they were driven by 167 00:07:05,830 --> 00:07:04,000 strong personalities in those days men 168 00:07:08,710 --> 00:07:05,840 singular singular men who were 169 00:07:10,629 --> 00:07:08,720 visionaries superb engineers 170 00:07:12,710 --> 00:07:10,639 and strong leaders now in the u.s of 171 00:07:15,430 --> 00:07:12,720 course it was werner von braun 172 00:07:18,790 --> 00:07:15,440 and in the soviet union it was this man 173 00:07:21,350 --> 00:07:18,800 sergey pavlovich koryoff 174 00:07:23,110 --> 00:07:21,360 not the mysterious designer his name was 175 00:07:25,670 --> 00:07:23,120 a state secret 176 00:07:27,990 --> 00:07:25,680 until he died 177 00:07:31,110 --> 00:07:28,000 and he was just like verner he was 178 00:07:33,749 --> 00:07:31,120 mostly interested in space exploration 179 00:07:36,390 --> 00:07:33,759 but you only get a job as a designer of 180 00:07:40,309 --> 00:07:36,400 military rockets and he was the man who 181 00:07:42,390 --> 00:07:40,319 designed the soviet union's first icbm 182 00:07:45,029 --> 00:07:42,400 the r7 183 00:07:47,350 --> 00:07:45,039 and to influence the government uh to 184 00:07:49,110 --> 00:07:47,360 conduct space exploration with his 185 00:07:52,070 --> 00:07:49,120 rockets he teamed up with the head of 186 00:07:53,270 --> 00:07:52,080 the soviet academy of sciences mr slough 187 00:07:55,589 --> 00:07:53,280 keldish 188 00:07:58,550 --> 00:07:55,599 who was a public face 189 00:08:02,629 --> 00:07:58,560 and who was known in the soviet union as 190 00:08:05,029 --> 00:08:02,639 the chief theoretician of the program 191 00:08:07,430 --> 00:08:05,039 well the soviet rockets were much more 192 00:08:09,350 --> 00:08:07,440 powerful than the u.s rockets in the 193 00:08:10,629 --> 00:08:09,360 early days and therefore they were a 194 00:08:12,950 --> 00:08:10,639 great boon 195 00:08:15,749 --> 00:08:12,960 for space exploration payloads and 196 00:08:18,790 --> 00:08:15,759 korkov made a good advantage of that 197 00:08:20,469 --> 00:08:18,800 the r7 icbm was first tested in april 198 00:08:22,950 --> 00:08:20,479 1957 199 00:08:25,029 --> 00:08:22,960 and korolev had to fight the army 200 00:08:27,909 --> 00:08:25,039 get permission to use it during test 201 00:08:29,909 --> 00:08:27,919 flights to launch a satellite i don't 202 00:08:32,469 --> 00:08:29,919 know what the result of that was in 203 00:08:34,149 --> 00:08:32,479 october 1957 204 00:08:36,469 --> 00:08:34,159 and then 205 00:08:38,469 --> 00:08:36,479 in order to do lunar missions he 206 00:08:40,310 --> 00:08:38,479 invented a three-stage version called 207 00:08:41,829 --> 00:08:40,320 the luna 208 00:08:44,070 --> 00:08:41,839 and then later in order to go to the 209 00:08:47,269 --> 00:08:44,080 planets he devised the four stage 210 00:08:48,550 --> 00:08:47,279 version which was called ammonia 211 00:08:51,430 --> 00:08:48,560 and 212 00:08:53,990 --> 00:08:51,440 that vehicle could throw five times the 213 00:08:56,310 --> 00:08:54,000 weight of the atlas agena so it was a 214 00:08:58,470 --> 00:08:56,320 great advantage for him i could throw 215 00:09:01,190 --> 00:08:58,480 about 1600 kilograms to the moon and 216 00:09:02,150 --> 00:09:01,200 about up to 1200 kilograms to mars and 217 00:09:04,470 --> 00:09:02,160 venus 218 00:09:06,150 --> 00:09:04,480 and the r7 as you all know became the 219 00:09:08,150 --> 00:09:06,160 most successful space launcher in 220 00:09:10,550 --> 00:09:08,160 history and the day is known as the 221 00:09:12,389 --> 00:09:10,560 soyuz for both manned and unmanned 222 00:09:14,389 --> 00:09:12,399 uh 223 00:09:17,430 --> 00:09:14,399 twice 224 00:09:19,350 --> 00:09:17,440 well in 1958 the u.s announced that it 225 00:09:20,790 --> 00:09:19,360 was going to launch a spacecraft to the 226 00:09:22,150 --> 00:09:20,800 moon 227 00:09:23,670 --> 00:09:22,160 coral of course paid quite a bit of 228 00:09:26,150 --> 00:09:23,680 attention to that 229 00:09:27,750 --> 00:09:26,160 uh and he decided to repair a spacecraft 230 00:09:29,990 --> 00:09:27,760 the lunar spacecraft and that 231 00:09:31,990 --> 00:09:30,000 three-stage version of the launcher 232 00:09:35,990 --> 00:09:32,000 to beat the americans 233 00:09:39,030 --> 00:09:36,000 uh and during that fall of 1958 234 00:09:41,430 --> 00:09:39,040 soviet union and and the us traded uh 235 00:09:43,829 --> 00:09:41,440 three launch failures 236 00:09:45,030 --> 00:09:43,839 and it was rather a dramatic contest on 237 00:09:47,509 --> 00:09:45,040 both sides 238 00:09:49,190 --> 00:09:47,519 the soviet union was clearly aware of 239 00:09:50,550 --> 00:09:49,200 what the us was doing they knew the 240 00:09:51,990 --> 00:09:50,560 launch dates 241 00:09:53,269 --> 00:09:52,000 and they were trying to blindside the 242 00:09:56,470 --> 00:09:53,279 americans 243 00:09:58,870 --> 00:09:56,480 the u.s was groping blindly to try and 244 00:10:00,710 --> 00:09:58,880 seize the lead but it was korloff who 245 00:10:03,350 --> 00:10:00,720 was successful 246 00:10:04,630 --> 00:10:03,360 the age of robotic lunar and planetary 247 00:10:06,550 --> 00:10:04,640 exploration 248 00:10:11,190 --> 00:10:06,560 began with the successful launch of luna 249 00:10:14,710 --> 00:10:11,200 1 on january the 2nd 1959 250 00:10:16,310 --> 00:10:14,720 now it was the first spacecraft to leave 251 00:10:18,710 --> 00:10:16,320 earth's gravity field 252 00:10:20,949 --> 00:10:18,720 first to fly by the moon and the first 253 00:10:23,190 --> 00:10:20,959 to enter heliocentric orbit but it 254 00:10:24,790 --> 00:10:23,200 missed its prime objective which was to 255 00:10:27,509 --> 00:10:24,800 actually impact the moon 256 00:10:28,550 --> 00:10:27,519 uh and so luna 2 was the first to do 257 00:10:30,829 --> 00:10:28,560 that 258 00:10:33,910 --> 00:10:30,839 later in the year on september 14 259 00:10:35,829 --> 00:10:33,920 1959 and luna 3 was the first to 260 00:10:38,870 --> 00:10:35,839 circumfle the moon 261 00:10:40,630 --> 00:10:38,880 and to photograph the far side luna 3 262 00:10:42,630 --> 00:10:40,640 was also the first spacecraft with 263 00:10:46,470 --> 00:10:42,640 3-axis attitude control which had to 264 00:10:49,110 --> 00:10:46,480 have in order to do the imaging 265 00:10:51,110 --> 00:10:49,120 well bolstered by his lunar success 266 00:10:52,150 --> 00:10:51,120 korliov wanted to go to mars and venus 267 00:10:54,710 --> 00:10:52,160 next 268 00:10:56,790 --> 00:10:54,720 and so to meet planetary launch windows 269 00:10:58,470 --> 00:10:56,800 in 1960 270 00:11:01,030 --> 00:10:58,480 he needed to build the four stage 271 00:11:03,190 --> 00:11:01,040 version of the r7 272 00:11:05,269 --> 00:11:03,200 and a planetary spacecraft to go on top 273 00:11:07,190 --> 00:11:05,279 of it within eight months 274 00:11:08,949 --> 00:11:07,200 all of which he did 275 00:11:11,030 --> 00:11:08,959 rather amazing actually 276 00:11:14,230 --> 00:11:11,040 uh so the first launch of the four stage 277 00:11:16,069 --> 00:11:14,240 malmia carried a mars spacecraft 278 00:11:17,910 --> 00:11:16,079 but it was that well that was actually 279 00:11:19,350 --> 00:11:17,920 the first spacecraft with solar panels 280 00:11:21,670 --> 00:11:19,360 you can see them there onboard 281 00:11:23,750 --> 00:11:21,680 propulsion which is under the dome 282 00:11:25,350 --> 00:11:23,760 at the top of the spacecraft 283 00:11:27,509 --> 00:11:25,360 and long-range communications you can 284 00:11:29,350 --> 00:11:27,519 see the parabolic antenna 285 00:11:32,069 --> 00:11:29,360 unfortunately both launches to mars 286 00:11:46,230 --> 00:11:32,079 failed due to the launch vehicle and 287 00:11:46,240 --> 00:11:50,310 control problems 288 00:11:56,790 --> 00:11:52,430 now in 19 these 289 00:11:57,990 --> 00:11:56,800 1960-1961 launches were rather rushed 290 00:12:00,470 --> 00:11:58,000 they had only eight months to get them 291 00:12:02,550 --> 00:12:00,480 ready so now corolla took the next two 292 00:12:04,629 --> 00:12:02,560 years to improve the malnea and the 293 00:12:06,870 --> 00:12:04,639 spacecraft as well 294 00:12:08,389 --> 00:12:06,880 and the spacecraft was a brand new 295 00:12:10,550 --> 00:12:08,399 modular design 296 00:12:14,310 --> 00:12:10,560 with a standard cruise module and an 297 00:12:17,350 --> 00:12:14,320 entertain interchangeable science module 298 00:12:20,310 --> 00:12:17,360 and the other a probe for entry missions 299 00:12:22,629 --> 00:12:20,320 uh and then you can see them here 300 00:12:25,269 --> 00:12:22,639 the propulsion system is on the top 301 00:12:27,269 --> 00:12:25,279 uh in 1962 302 00:12:29,110 --> 00:12:27,279 six of these spacecraft were launched to 303 00:12:31,430 --> 00:12:29,120 mars and venus three to mars and three 304 00:12:33,910 --> 00:12:31,440 to venus and five of these six were 305 00:12:36,069 --> 00:12:33,920 victimized by their launch vehicle 306 00:12:37,590 --> 00:12:36,079 uh and the only one that succeeded was 307 00:12:40,310 --> 00:12:37,600 mars one 308 00:12:41,750 --> 00:12:40,320 first spacecraft launched towards mars 309 00:12:44,069 --> 00:12:41,760 but it suffered 310 00:12:47,829 --> 00:12:44,079 attitude control problems and was lost 311 00:12:51,990 --> 00:12:50,150 well after his successes at 312 00:12:53,269 --> 00:12:52,000 impacting and imaging the moon from 313 00:12:56,069 --> 00:12:53,279 flyby 314 00:12:57,509 --> 00:12:56,079 orlov had stood down to develop these 315 00:12:59,269 --> 00:12:57,519 new planetary spacecraft that he 316 00:13:01,190 --> 00:12:59,279 launched in 62 317 00:13:04,629 --> 00:13:01,200 and also at the same time to design a 318 00:13:06,550 --> 00:13:04,639 new lunar spacecraft for soft landing 319 00:13:09,590 --> 00:13:06,560 this new lunar spacecraft was based 320 00:13:10,629 --> 00:13:09,600 primarily also on that 2mv planetary 321 00:13:12,870 --> 00:13:10,639 design 322 00:13:15,350 --> 00:13:12,880 uh had two modules at a cruise stage and 323 00:13:16,150 --> 00:13:15,360 then a detachable lunar lander 324 00:13:18,310 --> 00:13:16,160 and 325 00:13:20,310 --> 00:13:18,320 these earlier lunars lunas 326 00:13:21,670 --> 00:13:20,320 one through three through direct 327 00:13:24,230 --> 00:13:21,680 trajectories 328 00:13:26,710 --> 00:13:24,240 uh from the three-stage r7 329 00:13:29,430 --> 00:13:26,720 these spacecraft used the four-stage r7 330 00:13:32,310 --> 00:13:29,440 and were injected from earth orbit using 331 00:13:33,910 --> 00:13:32,320 the restartable force stage 332 00:13:35,590 --> 00:13:33,920 these spacecraft had no solar panels 333 00:13:37,430 --> 00:13:35,600 they were they were powered by battery 334 00:13:41,189 --> 00:13:37,440 because of the short flight time 335 00:13:44,949 --> 00:13:41,199 and uh the 100 kilogram soft lander used 336 00:13:47,189 --> 00:13:44,959 airbags for terminal shock 337 00:13:48,550 --> 00:13:47,199 remember pathfinder 338 00:13:53,189 --> 00:13:48,560 um 339 00:14:00,069 --> 00:13:56,230 in addition to frustration at the moon 340 00:14:01,670 --> 00:14:00,079 uh in 63 to 65 341 00:14:03,910 --> 00:14:01,680 the soviets were 342 00:14:09,189 --> 00:14:06,790 frustrated at mars and venus as well 343 00:14:10,069 --> 00:14:09,199 but these lessons from mars one 344 00:14:13,110 --> 00:14:10,079 uh 345 00:14:15,110 --> 00:14:13,120 forced a complete redesign of the two mv 346 00:14:17,030 --> 00:14:15,120 it became the three mv 347 00:14:19,110 --> 00:14:17,040 and work to increase the reliability of 348 00:14:21,030 --> 00:14:19,120 the ammonia launch vehicle particularly 349 00:14:22,949 --> 00:14:21,040 that troublesome four stage 350 00:14:25,269 --> 00:14:22,959 was often did not ignite 351 00:14:26,550 --> 00:14:25,279 for the second burn 352 00:14:28,310 --> 00:14:26,560 and so there were 353 00:14:31,670 --> 00:14:28,320 flight tests planned for this new 354 00:14:33,110 --> 00:14:31,680 spacecraft and the upgraded malnea 355 00:14:36,949 --> 00:14:33,120 these were the flights you see there in 356 00:14:39,590 --> 00:14:36,959 november 63 in february of 64. 357 00:14:40,389 --> 00:14:39,600 but these just revealed more problems 358 00:14:41,269 --> 00:14:40,399 and 359 00:14:50,389 --> 00:14:41,279 the 360 00:14:52,470 --> 00:14:50,399 went ahead and launched a venus 361 00:14:54,550 --> 00:14:52,480 and 362 00:14:56,829 --> 00:14:54,560 you can see the results there the the 363 00:14:59,110 --> 00:14:56,839 zond one was actually launched 364 00:15:01,670 --> 00:14:59,120 successfully but it became clear right 365 00:15:03,590 --> 00:15:01,680 after launch that 366 00:15:04,870 --> 00:15:03,600 the spacecraft was not going to make it 367 00:15:06,550 --> 00:15:04,880 to its target 368 00:15:08,470 --> 00:15:06,560 and so in fact it was written it was 369 00:15:09,509 --> 00:15:08,480 called zond one instead of the narrow 370 00:15:11,910 --> 00:15:09,519 two 371 00:15:13,910 --> 00:15:11,920 and then later in the year zone 2 was 372 00:15:16,230 --> 00:15:13,920 launched to mars 373 00:15:17,910 --> 00:15:16,240 it was also recognized immediately after 374 00:15:19,670 --> 00:15:17,920 launch that it would not make its target 375 00:15:22,069 --> 00:15:19,680 it was having difficulties as well had 376 00:15:23,350 --> 00:15:22,079 multiple problems 377 00:15:25,509 --> 00:15:23,360 and so then they went the soviets 378 00:15:27,189 --> 00:15:25,519 decided to go back to a flight test to 379 00:15:28,389 --> 00:15:27,199 try to solve all these problems with the 380 00:15:31,509 --> 00:15:28,399 spacecraft 381 00:15:33,910 --> 00:15:31,519 and so on 65 they launched zon 3 382 00:15:35,590 --> 00:15:33,920 not in a mars window but just to test 383 00:15:37,670 --> 00:15:35,600 the spacecraft to see if it could fly 384 00:15:41,110 --> 00:15:37,680 out to mars distance 385 00:15:43,829 --> 00:15:41,120 and test all of its onboard capabilities 386 00:15:46,310 --> 00:15:43,839 during the flight past the moon 387 00:15:47,430 --> 00:15:46,320 and it succeeded at that 388 00:15:49,110 --> 00:15:47,440 and 389 00:15:52,069 --> 00:15:49,120 became known actually as a lunar mission 390 00:15:53,910 --> 00:15:52,079 when in fact it was a mars test mission 391 00:15:55,430 --> 00:15:53,920 but it survived after about eight months 392 00:15:58,069 --> 00:15:55,440 but didn't quite make it all the way out 393 00:16:00,629 --> 00:15:58,079 to mars orbit and then later in the year 394 00:16:02,629 --> 00:16:00,639 uh they launched veneras two and three 395 00:16:04,230 --> 00:16:02,639 uh now these had some thermal problems 396 00:16:06,310 --> 00:16:04,240 but they actually made it to their 397 00:16:07,990 --> 00:16:06,320 target the first planetary spacecraft 398 00:16:09,990 --> 00:16:08,000 the soviets launched actually made it to 399 00:16:11,829 --> 00:16:10,000 their target but 400 00:16:14,790 --> 00:16:11,839 unfortunately just as they were reaching 401 00:16:15,749 --> 00:16:14,800 a target they failed 402 00:16:18,310 --> 00:16:15,759 this was 403 00:16:19,910 --> 00:16:18,320 frustrating very frustrating losses but 404 00:16:21,910 --> 00:16:19,920 encouraging enough because they got to 405 00:16:24,069 --> 00:16:21,920 their targets that that would lead to 406 00:16:28,949 --> 00:16:24,079 new attempts in the next opportunity 407 00:16:32,949 --> 00:16:29,990 well 408 00:16:35,269 --> 00:16:32,959 corolla's institution okb1 409 00:16:37,910 --> 00:16:35,279 was responsible for both human 410 00:16:41,110 --> 00:16:37,920 and for robotic spaceflight 411 00:16:43,430 --> 00:16:41,120 but by 1965 when the soviets had decided 412 00:16:45,110 --> 00:16:43,440 to compete with the us for a manned 413 00:16:47,030 --> 00:16:45,120 landing on the moon 414 00:16:49,670 --> 00:16:47,040 they were fully occupied with the human 415 00:16:51,990 --> 00:16:49,680 space flight program and corlev realized 416 00:16:53,509 --> 00:16:52,000 he really could not do both 417 00:16:55,910 --> 00:16:53,519 so he reluctantly transferred 418 00:16:58,629 --> 00:16:55,920 responsibility for the robotic lunar and 419 00:17:01,910 --> 00:16:58,639 planetary program to his friend 420 00:17:03,030 --> 00:17:01,920 uh georgie babakan uh and at npo 421 00:17:05,350 --> 00:17:03,040 lavichkin 422 00:17:07,429 --> 00:17:05,360 in late 1965 423 00:17:10,949 --> 00:17:07,439 and lavichen modified 424 00:17:13,829 --> 00:17:10,959 okb wins lunar spacecraft and 425 00:17:17,990 --> 00:17:13,839 actually succeeded on the very first try 426 00:17:19,189 --> 00:17:18,000 early in 1966 only days after coryo's 427 00:17:21,189 --> 00:17:19,199 death 428 00:17:23,750 --> 00:17:21,199 and although lagging at venus and mars 429 00:17:25,829 --> 00:17:23,760 the soviets once again had beaten the us 430 00:17:28,710 --> 00:17:25,839 to a space milestone saw landing on the 431 00:17:30,630 --> 00:17:28,720 moon and sending pictures back 432 00:17:33,430 --> 00:17:30,640 luna 9 was the first soft landing on the 433 00:17:37,110 --> 00:17:33,440 moon and returned these panoramic images 434 00:17:39,270 --> 00:17:37,120 surveyor 1 followed in june 1966 435 00:17:42,710 --> 00:17:39,280 and then in december that year a second 436 00:17:45,669 --> 00:17:42,720 one luna 13 was sent to the moon by the 437 00:17:50,710 --> 00:17:47,750 well anxious to beat the americans to 438 00:17:52,630 --> 00:17:50,720 lunar orbit as well 439 00:17:55,029 --> 00:17:52,640 and that was announced by the americans 440 00:17:56,789 --> 00:17:55,039 for mid-1966 441 00:17:58,230 --> 00:17:56,799 the soviets 442 00:18:01,750 --> 00:17:58,240 cobbled together 443 00:18:02,950 --> 00:18:01,760 an orbiter uh using their luna 913 444 00:18:04,630 --> 00:18:02,960 vehicle 445 00:18:07,750 --> 00:18:04,640 replacing the lander 446 00:18:10,230 --> 00:18:07,760 with a pressurized module containing 447 00:18:14,150 --> 00:18:10,240 some readily available instruments 448 00:18:15,590 --> 00:18:14,160 and after one launch failure in march of 449 00:18:17,590 --> 00:18:15,600 uh that year 450 00:18:19,029 --> 00:18:17,600 they managed to succeed with luna 10 451 00:18:21,990 --> 00:18:19,039 which was the first 452 00:18:24,549 --> 00:18:22,000 lunar orbiter and the u.s followed that 453 00:18:27,029 --> 00:18:24,559 later on with orbiter 1 454 00:18:28,870 --> 00:18:27,039 and actually obtained the first images 455 00:18:30,549 --> 00:18:28,880 of the moon from lunar orbit which is a 456 00:18:31,990 --> 00:18:30,559 sign the u.s was kind of beginning to 457 00:18:34,230 --> 00:18:32,000 catch up 458 00:18:35,190 --> 00:18:34,240 with the soviets 459 00:18:37,990 --> 00:18:35,200 the 460 00:18:39,990 --> 00:18:38,000 soviets came up with an improved series 461 00:18:42,470 --> 00:18:40,000 beginning with luna 11. the imagery 462 00:18:43,669 --> 00:18:42,480 didn't work on luna 11 but it did on 463 00:18:45,350 --> 00:18:43,679 luna 12 464 00:18:47,590 --> 00:18:45,360 and the series was quite successful in 465 00:18:49,430 --> 00:18:47,600 really mapping the lunar environment and 466 00:18:51,750 --> 00:18:49,440 obtaining data for 467 00:18:52,950 --> 00:18:51,760 the soviet's manned program 468 00:18:54,789 --> 00:18:52,960 they mapped 469 00:18:56,549 --> 00:18:54,799 lunar gravity they actually discovered 470 00:18:57,750 --> 00:18:56,559 mass cons 471 00:18:59,750 --> 00:18:57,760 before 472 00:19:01,669 --> 00:18:59,760 the u.s did but they never published in 473 00:19:03,590 --> 00:19:01,679 time and so the u.s gets the credit for 474 00:19:05,830 --> 00:19:03,600 having discovered them 475 00:19:07,350 --> 00:19:05,840 they measured radiation magnetic field 476 00:19:08,630 --> 00:19:07,360 activity around the moon the lunar 477 00:19:12,470 --> 00:19:08,640 environment 478 00:19:14,390 --> 00:19:12,480 they imaged some cosmonaut landing areas 479 00:19:18,549 --> 00:19:14,400 and they did some technology tests on 480 00:19:23,830 --> 00:19:21,350 well during the same time period 481 00:19:25,750 --> 00:19:23,840 as these new lunar successes 482 00:19:29,590 --> 00:19:25,760 lavaskan made significant improvement to 483 00:19:31,270 --> 00:19:29,600 korolev's planetary spacecraft as well 484 00:19:33,270 --> 00:19:31,280 for the venus missions they beefed up 485 00:19:35,669 --> 00:19:33,280 the probe to handle 486 00:19:37,270 --> 00:19:35,679 18 atmospheres in a temperature of 400 487 00:19:39,590 --> 00:19:37,280 degrees c 488 00:19:42,870 --> 00:19:39,600 and they were rewarded with an immediate 489 00:19:45,510 --> 00:19:42,880 success which is the first spacecraft 490 00:19:47,909 --> 00:19:45,520 to penetrate the venusian atmosphere 491 00:19:50,390 --> 00:19:47,919 and that was venera 4 492 00:19:52,070 --> 00:19:50,400 and it measured the composition of the 493 00:19:53,590 --> 00:19:52,080 lunar atmosphere and it measured 494 00:19:55,029 --> 00:19:53,600 temperature and it measured pressure 495 00:19:56,789 --> 00:19:55,039 during its descent 496 00:19:58,950 --> 00:19:56,799 through the atmosphere 497 00:20:00,549 --> 00:19:58,960 but there was initial confusion over 498 00:20:03,350 --> 00:20:00,559 whether venera 4 had actually reached 499 00:20:05,590 --> 00:20:03,360 the surface or not a signal ceased at a 500 00:20:07,590 --> 00:20:05,600 particular time and the altimeter had 501 00:20:09,430 --> 00:20:07,600 not been operating properly 502 00:20:12,149 --> 00:20:09,440 uh and later it became clear that it was 503 00:20:14,390 --> 00:20:12,159 really lost at an altitude of about 24 504 00:20:16,870 --> 00:20:14,400 24 kilometers but that controversy was 505 00:20:18,390 --> 00:20:16,880 not settled in time for the next window 506 00:20:21,350 --> 00:20:18,400 when they were launching veneras five 507 00:20:24,149 --> 00:20:21,360 and six the probe was strengthened 508 00:20:25,669 --> 00:20:24,159 to about 25 bars and they used smaller 509 00:20:27,909 --> 00:20:25,679 shoots to get through the atmosphere 510 00:20:29,350 --> 00:20:27,919 quicker for more rapid descent before 511 00:20:30,310 --> 00:20:29,360 the temperature in the probe got too 512 00:20:33,350 --> 00:20:30,320 high 513 00:20:34,789 --> 00:20:33,360 uh so both were really not expected to 514 00:20:36,470 --> 00:20:34,799 get to the surface and of course they 515 00:20:41,270 --> 00:20:36,480 didn't they broke up at about 18 516 00:20:44,470 --> 00:20:42,390 well 517 00:20:45,830 --> 00:20:44,480 while all this was going on at venus and 518 00:20:48,950 --> 00:20:45,840 the moon 519 00:20:52,470 --> 00:20:48,960 lavagin decided after they inherited the 520 00:20:55,190 --> 00:20:52,480 mars program to abandon the three mv 521 00:20:57,350 --> 00:20:55,200 from mars after so many failures 522 00:20:58,789 --> 00:20:57,360 none haven't even come close 523 00:21:01,590 --> 00:20:58,799 and adopted 524 00:21:03,669 --> 00:21:01,600 a new heavy spacecraft design that would 525 00:21:05,990 --> 00:21:03,679 be launched by this brand new powerful 526 00:21:06,950 --> 00:21:06,000 proton rocket 527 00:21:09,190 --> 00:21:06,960 and 528 00:21:10,710 --> 00:21:09,200 also mariner 4 had by that time shown 529 00:21:12,070 --> 00:21:10,720 that the martian atmosphere was 530 00:21:13,669 --> 00:21:12,080 exceedingly thin 531 00:21:16,230 --> 00:21:13,679 which required a whole new type of 532 00:21:18,870 --> 00:21:16,240 lander than what they had been designing 533 00:21:20,630 --> 00:21:18,880 uh and so what they came up with was a a 534 00:21:22,070 --> 00:21:20,640 bold and new 535 00:21:24,549 --> 00:21:22,080 demanding 536 00:21:26,149 --> 00:21:24,559 science of a set of science objectives 537 00:21:29,750 --> 00:21:26,159 for for mars 538 00:21:30,549 --> 00:21:29,760 uh and that was uh in 1969 to get 539 00:21:35,029 --> 00:21:30,559 the 540 00:21:37,750 --> 00:21:35,039 design a proper entry vehicle and to get 541 00:21:41,270 --> 00:21:37,760 the ephemeris data on mars and then in 542 00:21:44,710 --> 00:21:41,280 1969 they would upstage 543 00:21:46,870 --> 00:21:44,720 the u.s mariners with a probe 544 00:21:48,950 --> 00:21:46,880 and then in 71 545 00:21:51,190 --> 00:21:48,960 they would upstage the american orbiters 546 00:21:53,510 --> 00:21:51,200 with a lander 547 00:21:55,190 --> 00:21:53,520 they had a three-year development 548 00:21:57,750 --> 00:21:55,200 challenge this was diverted by all that 549 00:22:00,310 --> 00:21:57,760 work to be successful in venus 550 00:22:02,149 --> 00:22:00,320 and they used a brand new lunar 551 00:22:03,750 --> 00:22:02,159 spacecraft design that had been designed 552 00:22:05,430 --> 00:22:03,760 for the proton 553 00:22:07,590 --> 00:22:05,440 uh that was 554 00:22:08,789 --> 00:22:07,600 going to be used for the van program 555 00:22:10,789 --> 00:22:08,799 actually 556 00:22:12,390 --> 00:22:10,799 and then after having used that design 557 00:22:14,630 --> 00:22:12,400 they decided that it wasn't really going 558 00:22:16,070 --> 00:22:14,640 to work all that well for mars and so 559 00:22:17,909 --> 00:22:16,080 they had to go back and redesign the 560 00:22:19,990 --> 00:22:17,919 spacecraft they only had 13 months left 561 00:22:21,350 --> 00:22:20,000 to do that 562 00:22:25,270 --> 00:22:21,360 they did it 563 00:22:27,510 --> 00:22:25,280 now it was a big spacecraft it was 3 500 564 00:22:28,870 --> 00:22:27,520 kilogram orbiter and a 280 kilogram 565 00:22:33,350 --> 00:22:28,880 probe 566 00:22:35,510 --> 00:22:33,360 orbit in 69 but they had to delete the 567 00:22:38,230 --> 00:22:35,520 probe late in the development because it 568 00:22:40,390 --> 00:22:38,240 was getting into mass problems and 569 00:22:41,909 --> 00:22:40,400 not doing well on its tests 570 00:22:43,190 --> 00:22:41,919 and so they replaced it with an orbital 571 00:22:45,669 --> 00:22:43,200 module 572 00:22:48,070 --> 00:22:45,679 but as it turned out 573 00:22:50,870 --> 00:22:48,080 both the protons on these attempted 574 00:22:53,990 --> 00:22:50,880 launches exploded actually very close to 575 00:22:55,830 --> 00:22:54,000 the ground so u.s monitoring didn't have 576 00:22:57,830 --> 00:22:55,840 time to figure out where these things 577 00:23:00,149 --> 00:22:57,840 were going to be headed because they 578 00:23:02,470 --> 00:23:00,159 exploded so close to the ground couldn't 579 00:23:03,830 --> 00:23:02,480 get any trajectory data on them 580 00:23:06,230 --> 00:23:03,840 these were 581 00:23:08,149 --> 00:23:06,240 rather bold and in hindsight 582 00:23:09,110 --> 00:23:08,159 overwhelming objectives to try to 583 00:23:11,350 --> 00:23:09,120 attempt 584 00:23:12,710 --> 00:23:11,360 a soft lander after having no previous 585 00:23:15,510 --> 00:23:12,720 success 586 00:23:17,510 --> 00:23:15,520 on mars and only 33 and then finally 13 587 00:23:19,750 --> 00:23:17,520 months to implement a new new launcher 588 00:23:21,430 --> 00:23:19,760 this is an enormous amount of risk 589 00:23:22,789 --> 00:23:21,440 the 590 00:23:25,110 --> 00:23:22,799 compelled by 591 00:23:26,630 --> 00:23:25,120 competition with the us 592 00:23:28,470 --> 00:23:26,640 and the launch failures may have saved a 593 00:23:32,950 --> 00:23:28,480 lot of embarrassment so spacecraft were 594 00:23:39,270 --> 00:23:35,270 well while the u.s closed in 595 00:23:41,110 --> 00:23:39,280 on a manned landing on the moon in 1969 596 00:23:44,470 --> 00:23:41,120 the the soviet union 597 00:23:45,909 --> 00:23:44,480 realized they were too far behind 598 00:23:47,990 --> 00:23:45,919 there's another story behind all of that 599 00:23:49,990 --> 00:23:48,000 i have no time to tell you 600 00:23:51,510 --> 00:23:50,000 so they decided to counter with robotic 601 00:23:53,830 --> 00:23:51,520 missions to try to get a sample back 602 00:23:55,029 --> 00:23:53,840 before the apollo 11 603 00:23:56,789 --> 00:23:55,039 return 604 00:23:59,110 --> 00:23:56,799 and they already had in development this 605 00:24:00,470 --> 00:23:59,120 new proton launched lunar spacecraft 606 00:24:02,710 --> 00:24:00,480 that i alluded to 607 00:24:05,590 --> 00:24:02,720 and its purpose was to land a large 608 00:24:07,269 --> 00:24:05,600 rover to support their lunar cosmonaut 609 00:24:08,870 --> 00:24:07,279 program 610 00:24:11,990 --> 00:24:08,880 and in an effort to upstage the us 611 00:24:15,269 --> 00:24:12,000 apollo 11 they just modified this 612 00:24:17,590 --> 00:24:15,279 vehicle with a sample return 613 00:24:20,230 --> 00:24:17,600 device by replacing the rover with the 614 00:24:22,549 --> 00:24:20,240 sample return avionics 615 00:24:25,350 --> 00:24:22,559 toroid which you can see there 616 00:24:27,110 --> 00:24:25,360 and a sampling device and a return 617 00:24:28,630 --> 00:24:27,120 vehicle and they 618 00:24:30,789 --> 00:24:28,640 they really were very clever in 619 00:24:32,789 --> 00:24:30,799 trajectory design they use an ingenious 620 00:24:34,789 --> 00:24:32,799 return direct trajectory design that 621 00:24:35,750 --> 00:24:34,799 only worked for very specific spots on 622 00:24:37,830 --> 00:24:35,760 the moon 623 00:24:40,149 --> 00:24:37,840 but its advantage was that with proper 624 00:24:43,190 --> 00:24:40,159 timing it'll eliminate completely the 625 00:24:44,789 --> 00:24:43,200 need for any return navigation you just 626 00:24:46,630 --> 00:24:44,799 fire straight up and you're guaranteed 627 00:24:48,630 --> 00:24:46,640 to come back to the earth 628 00:24:50,470 --> 00:24:48,640 uh no need for mid-course corrections or 629 00:24:52,070 --> 00:24:50,480 anything 630 00:24:54,149 --> 00:24:52,080 well 631 00:24:57,990 --> 00:24:54,159 work began on this sample return 632 00:25:01,029 --> 00:24:58,000 modification in late 1968 just months 633 00:25:03,430 --> 00:25:01,039 before apollo 11 and it's amazing that 634 00:25:05,750 --> 00:25:03,440 such a complex spacecraft could be so 635 00:25:06,789 --> 00:25:05,760 readily modified in so incredibly short 636 00:25:08,390 --> 00:25:06,799 time 637 00:25:11,669 --> 00:25:08,400 and it's really a testament to russian 638 00:25:14,630 --> 00:25:11,679 culture which is hey just do it 639 00:25:16,870 --> 00:25:14,640 dismiss all the hardship involved use 640 00:25:19,430 --> 00:25:16,880 whatever is at hand 641 00:25:21,029 --> 00:25:19,440 fix on the fly or fix during and after 642 00:25:22,789 --> 00:25:21,039 the build 643 00:25:25,190 --> 00:25:22,799 and they made it work 644 00:25:27,269 --> 00:25:25,200 uh one spacecraft 645 00:25:30,149 --> 00:25:27,279 failure was a launch in june but 646 00:25:32,070 --> 00:25:30,159 later in july luna 15 actually reached 647 00:25:33,029 --> 00:25:32,080 lunar orbit 648 00:25:35,510 --> 00:25:33,039 and 649 00:25:37,590 --> 00:25:35,520 failed on july 13th 650 00:25:39,909 --> 00:25:37,600 during its attempt to land 651 00:25:40,830 --> 00:25:39,919 with the apollo 11 astronauts still on 652 00:25:46,310 --> 00:25:40,840 the 653 00:25:48,710 --> 00:25:46,320 missions were successful beginning with 654 00:25:50,710 --> 00:25:48,720 luna 16 655 00:25:53,430 --> 00:25:50,720 and two of the three rover missions were 656 00:25:55,909 --> 00:25:53,440 successful beginning with 17 and these 657 00:26:01,029 --> 00:25:55,919 are robotic achievements that have never 658 00:26:07,029 --> 00:26:03,909 well after their success with luna 16 659 00:26:09,350 --> 00:26:07,039 sample return and luna 17 rover the 660 00:26:10,390 --> 00:26:09,360 basic spacecraft was also modified for 661 00:26:12,470 --> 00:26:10,400 orbiters 662 00:26:15,669 --> 00:26:12,480 the objectives were tied to the lunar 663 00:26:19,190 --> 00:26:17,669 mainly to obtain surface imaging at very 664 00:26:21,510 --> 00:26:19,200 high resolution 665 00:26:22,870 --> 00:26:21,520 do altimetry measurements for topography 666 00:26:24,549 --> 00:26:22,880 do remote 667 00:26:26,149 --> 00:26:24,559 measurements of surface composition and 668 00:26:27,590 --> 00:26:26,159 dielectric properties 669 00:26:29,110 --> 00:26:27,600 to an accurate mapping of the lunar 670 00:26:30,070 --> 00:26:29,120 gravity field 671 00:26:32,230 --> 00:26:30,080 and 672 00:26:34,950 --> 00:26:32,240 more environmental modeling monitoring 673 00:26:36,950 --> 00:26:34,960 of radiation plasma and micrometeorites 674 00:26:39,029 --> 00:26:36,960 both were successful but very few 675 00:26:41,350 --> 00:26:39,039 results were ever published these were 676 00:26:44,630 --> 00:26:41,360 the last robotic elements of the soviet 677 00:26:47,029 --> 00:26:44,640 program to line cosmonauts on the moon 678 00:26:50,310 --> 00:26:47,039 which program was finally terminated in 679 00:26:51,269 --> 00:26:50,320 the mid 1970s 680 00:26:54,390 --> 00:26:51,279 and 681 00:26:56,149 --> 00:26:54,400 tension turns back to the planets 682 00:26:58,549 --> 00:26:56,159 and finally 683 00:27:02,470 --> 00:26:58,559 in 1970 after 684 00:27:04,470 --> 00:27:02,480 11 attempts in almost 10 years 685 00:27:07,110 --> 00:27:04,480 soviets achieved success at landing on 686 00:27:09,669 --> 00:27:07,120 the surface of venus with the venus the 687 00:27:12,870 --> 00:27:09,679 narrow 7 capsule the narrow 7 capsules 688 00:27:15,549 --> 00:27:12,880 sacrificed a great deal of its payload 689 00:27:17,909 --> 00:27:15,559 and in order to beef it up to handle 690 00:27:20,870 --> 00:27:17,919 180 bars 691 00:27:23,909 --> 00:27:20,880 and 540 degrees centigrade 692 00:27:25,269 --> 00:27:23,919 for 90 minutes it was expected 693 00:27:28,230 --> 00:27:25,279 to 694 00:27:29,990 --> 00:27:28,240 fly through the atmosphere and and land 695 00:27:31,430 --> 00:27:30,000 they also use an even smaller chute 696 00:27:33,669 --> 00:27:31,440 parachute 697 00:27:34,950 --> 00:27:33,679 to get to the surface quicker 698 00:27:36,470 --> 00:27:34,960 and 699 00:27:38,630 --> 00:27:36,480 maximize the amount of time on the 700 00:27:39,510 --> 00:27:38,640 surface unfortunately that parachute 701 00:27:41,350 --> 00:27:39,520 failed 702 00:27:42,310 --> 00:27:41,360 and it ripped 703 00:27:44,310 --> 00:27:42,320 first 704 00:27:51,350 --> 00:27:44,320 and 705 00:27:53,430 --> 00:27:51,360 you can you can see here the uh 706 00:27:55,669 --> 00:27:53,440 the where the parachute was deployed 707 00:27:56,870 --> 00:27:55,679 this is the doppler signal 708 00:27:59,269 --> 00:27:56,880 where it was deployed where it was 709 00:28:01,669 --> 00:27:59,279 unreefed where it ripped and then the 710 00:28:03,669 --> 00:28:01,679 swoop in oscillation as it strum 711 00:28:06,310 --> 00:28:03,679 streamed behind the spacecraft finally 712 00:28:08,870 --> 00:28:06,320 it failed and separated uh completely 713 00:28:10,549 --> 00:28:08,880 and the capsule free fell to the surface 714 00:28:13,190 --> 00:28:10,559 you can see that little bit of signal in 715 00:28:14,870 --> 00:28:13,200 the noise that was on the surface 716 00:28:16,149 --> 00:28:14,880 the soviets didn't discover this until 717 00:28:18,070 --> 00:28:16,159 about a couple of months after landing 718 00:28:19,990 --> 00:28:18,080 we thought it had crashed 719 00:28:21,830 --> 00:28:20,000 and then somebody doing the data 720 00:28:24,310 --> 00:28:21,840 analysis discovered this 721 00:28:26,070 --> 00:28:24,320 23 minutes of signal post landing and 722 00:28:28,549 --> 00:28:26,080 that probably happened because the 723 00:28:29,909 --> 00:28:28,559 capsule bounced and then tilted over and 724 00:28:31,590 --> 00:28:29,919 the antenna was not pointing in the 725 00:28:32,389 --> 00:28:31,600 proper direction 726 00:28:41,990 --> 00:28:32,399 uh 727 00:28:44,070 --> 00:28:42,000 twilight side all these all these past 728 00:28:47,029 --> 00:28:44,080 probes have been sent to the dark side 729 00:28:49,190 --> 00:28:47,039 sent to the twilight side in order to 730 00:28:50,710 --> 00:28:49,200 fulfill the surface science objectives 731 00:28:52,789 --> 00:28:50,720 of this program 732 00:28:54,549 --> 00:28:52,799 and to get information on the light 733 00:28:58,470 --> 00:28:54,559 levels at the surface for later more 734 00:29:00,470 --> 00:28:58,480 sophisticated landers with cameras 735 00:29:02,470 --> 00:29:00,480 venera eight was it was a perfect 736 00:29:04,950 --> 00:29:02,480 success uh it got profiles of 737 00:29:06,630 --> 00:29:04,960 temperature pressure wind 738 00:29:08,470 --> 00:29:06,640 solar flux through the atmosphere 739 00:29:10,549 --> 00:29:08,480 identified the three cloud layers in the 740 00:29:13,190 --> 00:29:10,559 upper atmosphere measured atmospheric 741 00:29:14,310 --> 00:29:13,200 composition identified sulfuric acid in 742 00:29:18,149 --> 00:29:14,320 the clouds 743 00:29:19,230 --> 00:29:18,159 and on the surface it found in 93 bars 744 00:29:25,190 --> 00:29:19,240 and 745 00:29:31,029 --> 00:29:27,590 well next back to mars 746 00:29:32,950 --> 00:29:31,039 uh and uh for the 1971 747 00:29:35,830 --> 00:29:32,960 opportunity the soviets completely 748 00:29:37,510 --> 00:29:35,840 abandoned that mars 69 design 749 00:29:39,909 --> 00:29:37,520 uh and had 750 00:29:41,909 --> 00:29:39,919 time enough to completely redesign the 751 00:29:44,470 --> 00:29:41,919 whole mars spacecraft 752 00:29:48,230 --> 00:29:44,480 this time it was a 3 400 kilogram 753 00:29:50,470 --> 00:29:48,240 orbiter with 1200 kilogram entry vehicle 754 00:29:52,230 --> 00:29:50,480 and a 360 kilogram 755 00:29:54,149 --> 00:29:52,240 lander 756 00:29:55,990 --> 00:29:54,159 they had failed to get the atmosphere 757 00:29:57,750 --> 00:29:56,000 and ephemeris data they really needed 758 00:29:59,590 --> 00:29:57,760 back in 69 759 00:30:01,350 --> 00:29:59,600 but they did get the atmospheric data 760 00:30:02,710 --> 00:30:01,360 from mariners 6 and 7 because these 761 00:30:04,950 --> 00:30:02,720 results were published in the open 762 00:30:07,269 --> 00:30:04,960 literature and that allowed them to 763 00:30:09,190 --> 00:30:07,279 design the edl system 764 00:30:11,269 --> 00:30:09,200 but the u.s would not release the 765 00:30:14,149 --> 00:30:11,279 ephemeris from the engineering data this 766 00:30:17,430 --> 00:30:14,159 was back in battle brezhnev days 767 00:30:18,950 --> 00:30:17,440 and uh so the soviets decided on using 768 00:30:20,789 --> 00:30:18,960 three spacecraft 769 00:30:23,190 --> 00:30:20,799 uh one of which was an early orbiter 770 00:30:25,430 --> 00:30:23,200 sent before the lander spacecraft it 771 00:30:26,950 --> 00:30:25,440 would go into orbit around mars and act 772 00:30:28,230 --> 00:30:26,960 as a beacon 773 00:30:31,110 --> 00:30:28,240 for the 774 00:30:32,710 --> 00:30:31,120 spacecraft that would follow 775 00:30:35,430 --> 00:30:32,720 but they also at the same time 776 00:30:38,470 --> 00:30:35,440 incorporated a rather clever 777 00:30:42,149 --> 00:30:38,480 but very risky backup system 778 00:30:44,470 --> 00:30:42,159 using automatic onboard 779 00:30:46,950 --> 00:30:44,480 optical navigation at the planet to 780 00:30:49,269 --> 00:30:46,960 correct the trajectory and target the 781 00:30:50,710 --> 00:30:49,279 entry vehicles in case 782 00:30:52,789 --> 00:30:50,720 there was a failure and it's a good 783 00:30:55,110 --> 00:30:52,799 thing they did that because in fact the 784 00:30:57,029 --> 00:30:55,120 pathfinder orbital launch did fail 785 00:30:58,389 --> 00:30:57,039 and so they had to rely on this 786 00:31:00,470 --> 00:30:58,399 automatic 787 00:31:03,029 --> 00:31:00,480 optical navigation system 788 00:31:05,190 --> 00:31:03,039 which actually worked 789 00:31:07,750 --> 00:31:05,200 almost perfectly 790 00:31:11,269 --> 00:31:07,760 this shows you the edl 791 00:31:13,669 --> 00:31:11,279 sequence for the 1971 and also the 1973 792 00:31:15,909 --> 00:31:13,679 missions which followed the orbiter was 793 00:31:17,269 --> 00:31:15,919 targeted for the mars orbit insertion 794 00:31:19,350 --> 00:31:17,279 point 795 00:31:20,870 --> 00:31:19,360 on approach which meant that the edl 796 00:31:23,509 --> 00:31:20,880 system 797 00:31:25,430 --> 00:31:23,519 required propulsion in order to target 798 00:31:27,590 --> 00:31:25,440 to the proper entry point 799 00:31:29,590 --> 00:31:27,600 uh the edl package was deployed at about 800 00:31:33,269 --> 00:31:29,600 minus six hours 801 00:31:35,350 --> 00:31:33,279 uh the solid rocket was fired to target 802 00:31:36,630 --> 00:31:35,360 the vehicle to its entry point 803 00:31:39,190 --> 00:31:36,640 then that 804 00:31:40,950 --> 00:31:39,200 that the system was ejected the 805 00:31:42,630 --> 00:31:40,960 spacecraft was oriented towards the 806 00:31:44,630 --> 00:31:42,640 proper entry angle 807 00:31:46,950 --> 00:31:44,640 uh and since spun up 808 00:31:49,669 --> 00:31:46,960 uh with those small 809 00:31:52,470 --> 00:31:49,679 little small solid rockets and after 810 00:31:54,710 --> 00:31:52,480 peak deceleration at about two g's 811 00:31:56,070 --> 00:31:54,720 it was spun back down again 812 00:31:57,750 --> 00:31:56,080 and then the descent 813 00:32:00,070 --> 00:31:57,760 sequence was triggered after reaching 814 00:32:02,149 --> 00:32:00,080 about mach 3.5 815 00:32:04,070 --> 00:32:02,159 with a pilot chute and a drogue chute 816 00:32:07,029 --> 00:32:04,080 and a reefed main 817 00:32:08,549 --> 00:32:07,039 and after after that the lander was 818 00:32:10,710 --> 00:32:08,559 exposed 819 00:32:12,549 --> 00:32:10,720 the main was unreefed 820 00:32:14,789 --> 00:32:12,559 and then when it got near the surface at 821 00:32:17,350 --> 00:32:14,799 about 20 meters altitude about 10 meters 822 00:32:21,430 --> 00:32:17,360 per second velocity the retro rockets 823 00:32:26,789 --> 00:32:23,830 as far as how this mission went for the 824 00:32:28,710 --> 00:32:26,799 landers mars 2 was unfortunately 825 00:32:31,190 --> 00:32:28,720 improperly targeted 826 00:32:34,389 --> 00:32:31,200 on a steep entry angle and crashed 827 00:32:36,630 --> 00:32:34,399 but mars 3 landed successfully 828 00:32:39,110 --> 00:32:36,640 it turned on its transmitter about 90 829 00:32:41,029 --> 00:32:39,120 seconds after landing 830 00:32:43,029 --> 00:32:41,039 and then transmitted about 20 seconds 831 00:32:47,990 --> 00:32:43,039 worth of data which turns out to be 832 00:32:50,630 --> 00:32:48,000 mostly mostly noise and then died 833 00:32:53,190 --> 00:32:50,640 the orbiters also had telemetry and 834 00:32:55,029 --> 00:32:53,200 camera problems and they were they had a 835 00:32:56,710 --> 00:32:55,039 dust storm to deal with 836 00:32:59,509 --> 00:32:56,720 uh and so a little data was obtained 837 00:33:01,430 --> 00:32:59,519 from mars two but from mars three about 838 00:33:03,029 --> 00:33:01,440 sixty images were obtained 839 00:33:03,990 --> 00:33:03,039 uh and there 840 00:33:06,230 --> 00:33:04,000 it 841 00:33:09,269 --> 00:33:06,240 got new data on the atmosphere 842 00:33:12,230 --> 00:33:09,279 on surface properties gravity uh and uh 843 00:33:15,509 --> 00:33:12,240 the orbital environment of mars 844 00:33:17,269 --> 00:33:15,519 well at the next mars opportunity 845 00:33:19,750 --> 00:33:17,279 the soviets were aware 846 00:33:20,870 --> 00:33:19,760 of plans for viking 847 00:33:23,509 --> 00:33:20,880 and 848 00:33:26,950 --> 00:33:23,519 they were rather chagrined by 849 00:33:29,190 --> 00:33:26,960 the mariner 9 success relative to their 850 00:33:30,389 --> 00:33:29,200 1971 fleet 851 00:33:33,190 --> 00:33:30,399 and so they were determined to beat the 852 00:33:36,310 --> 00:33:33,200 u.s to the service in 1973 853 00:33:40,549 --> 00:33:36,320 73 turned out to be a period of detent 854 00:33:44,710 --> 00:33:40,559 and so data from mars 2 3 and venera 8 855 00:33:49,029 --> 00:33:46,789 for the ephemeris 856 00:33:51,509 --> 00:33:49,039 atmospheric models of the planet and 857 00:33:55,190 --> 00:33:51,519 murder 9 imagery of potential landing 858 00:33:57,190 --> 00:33:55,200 sites but this 1973 fleet was doomed to 859 00:34:00,310 --> 00:33:57,200 a fatal error 860 00:34:03,110 --> 00:34:00,320 the mars 73 electronics substituted a 861 00:34:04,830 --> 00:34:03,120 new aluminum lead transistor 862 00:34:08,869 --> 00:34:04,840 for a the 863 00:34:10,069 --> 00:34:08,879 1971 gold lead transistor 864 00:34:12,389 --> 00:34:10,079 and this was used throughout the 865 00:34:14,310 --> 00:34:12,399 spacecraft very common transistor and 866 00:34:15,190 --> 00:34:14,320 they only discovered a few months before 867 00:34:17,510 --> 00:34:15,200 launch 868 00:34:21,109 --> 00:34:17,520 that these actually had a very short 869 00:34:23,430 --> 00:34:21,119 lifetime to failure on the order of the 870 00:34:25,030 --> 00:34:23,440 flight time of the spacecraft 871 00:34:26,550 --> 00:34:25,040 and it was just simply too late for 872 00:34:28,069 --> 00:34:26,560 substitution it was used throughout the 873 00:34:29,909 --> 00:34:28,079 spacecraft 874 00:34:32,069 --> 00:34:29,919 and the 50 875 00:34:34,470 --> 00:34:32,079 calculated failure rate 876 00:34:36,310 --> 00:34:34,480 uh would have dictated postponement in 877 00:34:38,629 --> 00:34:36,320 the u.s uh and 878 00:34:40,790 --> 00:34:38,639 the soviet engineers argued for delay 879 00:34:43,909 --> 00:34:40,800 but in a rush to beat the u.s to the 880 00:34:45,430 --> 00:34:43,919 surface the soviet mission us the soviet 881 00:34:49,270 --> 00:34:45,440 decision makers 882 00:34:51,990 --> 00:34:49,280 uh simply decided to go ahead 883 00:34:55,190 --> 00:34:52,000 they launched these four protons 884 00:34:58,150 --> 00:34:55,200 they launched two five ton orbiters 885 00:35:00,390 --> 00:34:58,160 and two five ton fly by landers 886 00:35:02,069 --> 00:35:00,400 with these transistors in them and all 887 00:35:04,069 --> 00:35:02,079 four of these spacecraft experienced 888 00:35:06,710 --> 00:35:04,079 serious failures 889 00:35:10,150 --> 00:35:06,720 on route to mars and at mars 890 00:35:14,470 --> 00:35:12,870 mars 4 had serious computer problems it 891 00:35:15,829 --> 00:35:14,480 could not make its second mid-course 892 00:35:17,990 --> 00:35:15,839 correction 893 00:35:20,390 --> 00:35:18,000 and the engine failed to fire to put it 894 00:35:22,310 --> 00:35:20,400 into a big long-looping orbit 895 00:35:23,270 --> 00:35:22,320 and it flew past the planet taking a few 896 00:35:25,430 --> 00:35:23,280 pictures 897 00:35:28,630 --> 00:35:25,440 mars five actually achieved orbit but 898 00:35:30,630 --> 00:35:28,640 the mars orbit insertion event triggered 899 00:35:33,109 --> 00:35:30,640 the pressurization leak 900 00:35:36,069 --> 00:35:33,119 and it failed after 14 days now that 901 00:35:37,190 --> 00:35:36,079 there were no orbiters at mars to do 902 00:35:38,710 --> 00:35:37,200 relays 903 00:35:40,230 --> 00:35:38,720 of data that would come from the 904 00:35:42,069 --> 00:35:40,240 subsequent landers 905 00:35:44,630 --> 00:35:42,079 and the best they could do was to get 906 00:35:46,870 --> 00:35:44,640 data from these landers during 907 00:35:47,990 --> 00:35:46,880 the flyby from the flyby spacecraft that 908 00:35:51,430 --> 00:35:48,000 dropped them 909 00:35:52,230 --> 00:35:51,440 during a short period after landing 910 00:35:53,670 --> 00:35:52,240 well 911 00:35:55,430 --> 00:35:53,680 mars 6 912 00:35:56,870 --> 00:35:55,440 after it conducted its first 913 00:35:58,710 --> 00:35:56,880 mid course 914 00:36:00,390 --> 00:35:58,720 it's downlink failed 915 00:36:02,230 --> 00:36:00,400 well the russians could get no data from 916 00:36:04,630 --> 00:36:02,240 the spacecraft so they uplinked in the 917 00:36:07,829 --> 00:36:04,640 blind hoping it would work 918 00:36:09,829 --> 00:36:07,839 uh the spacecraft that automatically 919 00:36:11,670 --> 00:36:09,839 determined its course and made its 920 00:36:13,270 --> 00:36:11,680 corrections 921 00:36:15,670 --> 00:36:13,280 and then when it got to the planet it 922 00:36:17,910 --> 00:36:15,680 did the optical navigation 923 00:36:19,109 --> 00:36:17,920 did the entry system retargeting 924 00:36:20,630 --> 00:36:19,119 uh and 925 00:36:22,310 --> 00:36:20,640 all that was successful and the first 926 00:36:24,310 --> 00:36:22,320 time the soviets knew that spacecraft 927 00:36:27,190 --> 00:36:24,320 was still there was when they started to 928 00:36:29,430 --> 00:36:27,200 get the data stream from 929 00:36:31,190 --> 00:36:29,440 the descending vehicle through the flyby 930 00:36:32,950 --> 00:36:31,200 spacecraft 931 00:36:34,630 --> 00:36:32,960 absolutely amazing 932 00:36:37,430 --> 00:36:34,640 it's a monumental achievement in 933 00:36:39,030 --> 00:36:37,440 autonomy but the lander lost signal just 934 00:36:41,829 --> 00:36:39,040 as it was dropped 935 00:36:43,910 --> 00:36:41,839 to the surface mars 7 936 00:36:45,910 --> 00:36:43,920 they deployed the entry system 937 00:36:46,790 --> 00:36:45,920 but did not fire 938 00:36:49,190 --> 00:36:46,800 and so 939 00:36:50,790 --> 00:36:49,200 it simply missed the planet 940 00:36:53,270 --> 00:36:50,800 the soviets got some temperature and 941 00:36:54,470 --> 00:36:53,280 pressure and doppler data from the mars 942 00:36:56,069 --> 00:36:54,480 6 descent 943 00:36:58,150 --> 00:36:56,079 they got some data from the marsh 5 944 00:36:59,510 --> 00:36:58,160 orbiter on the ionosphere the atmosphere 945 00:37:02,310 --> 00:36:59,520 something on the surface and some 946 00:37:04,790 --> 00:37:02,320 imagery but little result for such a 947 00:37:06,950 --> 00:37:04,800 massive investment 948 00:37:08,710 --> 00:37:06,960 well 949 00:37:10,230 --> 00:37:08,720 later years turned out to be much better 950 00:37:11,349 --> 00:37:10,240 for the soviets and 951 00:37:14,230 --> 00:37:11,359 uh 952 00:37:17,190 --> 00:37:14,240 they this was probably their golden age 953 00:37:19,030 --> 00:37:17,200 and uh they had uh 954 00:37:21,589 --> 00:37:19,040 great success with their subsequent 955 00:37:25,030 --> 00:37:21,599 venera program veneras 9 and 16 these 956 00:37:25,910 --> 00:37:25,040 big sophisticated landers on mars 957 00:37:27,670 --> 00:37:25,920 and 958 00:37:29,750 --> 00:37:27,680 probably the pinnacle of the soviet 959 00:37:32,310 --> 00:37:29,760 program were the vega missions 960 00:37:34,550 --> 00:37:32,320 which i don't have any time to tell you 961 00:37:35,670 --> 00:37:34,560 in the 1980s 962 00:37:37,829 --> 00:37:35,680 and then 963 00:37:39,510 --> 00:37:37,839 failure revisited them again with the 964 00:37:40,470 --> 00:37:39,520 failure of the phobos 965 00:37:43,430 --> 00:37:40,480 missions 966 00:37:44,310 --> 00:37:43,440 and finally the 1996 loss 967 00:37:46,470 --> 00:37:44,320 of 968 00:37:49,190 --> 00:37:46,480 mars 96 969 00:37:52,310 --> 00:37:49,200 which was simply a humiliating final uh 970 00:37:55,510 --> 00:37:52,320 to the soviet adventure in robotic 971 00:37:58,870 --> 00:37:57,510 well 972 00:38:01,670 --> 00:37:58,880 the soviet 973 00:38:03,030 --> 00:38:01,680 program was is really kind of a tragic 974 00:38:04,790 --> 00:38:03,040 loss of 975 00:38:06,470 --> 00:38:04,800 vision and enterprise and expertise 976 00:38:08,710 --> 00:38:06,480 these folks just disappeared after mars 977 00:38:10,470 --> 00:38:08,720 96 for a long time 978 00:38:12,310 --> 00:38:10,480 they had the courage and enthusiasm to 979 00:38:14,790 --> 00:38:12,320 try things that were really considered 980 00:38:16,150 --> 00:38:14,800 rather difficult to do almost impossible 981 00:38:17,829 --> 00:38:16,160 they had a superb 982 00:38:20,550 --> 00:38:17,839 expertise in engineering design and 983 00:38:23,430 --> 00:38:20,560 development terrific engineers 984 00:38:25,750 --> 00:38:23,440 they used a great deal of innovation 985 00:38:28,870 --> 00:38:25,760 using technology that was available in 986 00:38:30,790 --> 00:38:28,880 order to accomplish the task at hand 987 00:38:32,790 --> 00:38:30,800 they were masters of material 988 00:38:35,510 --> 00:38:32,800 development and engineering 989 00:38:37,990 --> 00:38:35,520 their propulsion systems are unmatched 990 00:38:40,710 --> 00:38:38,000 they showed a lot of excellence in 991 00:38:42,550 --> 00:38:40,720 celestial mechanics and navigation and 992 00:38:44,470 --> 00:38:42,560 guidance 993 00:38:46,790 --> 00:38:44,480 and they showed 994 00:38:47,589 --> 00:38:46,800 excellence in automation and software 995 00:38:50,710 --> 00:38:47,599 which 996 00:38:52,950 --> 00:38:50,720 rather unravel later on in their program 997 00:38:56,550 --> 00:38:52,960 uh but they did produce a stable of very 998 00:38:59,030 --> 00:38:56,560 powerful and readily available rockets 999 00:39:00,870 --> 00:38:59,040 and they're really done in by the poor 1000 00:39:03,270 --> 00:39:00,880 reliability of these launch vehicles 1001 00:39:05,030 --> 00:39:03,280 early in their history until about the 1002 00:39:06,790 --> 00:39:05,040 mid 70s 1003 00:39:09,829 --> 00:39:06,800 and they became very much better they 1004 00:39:11,910 --> 00:39:09,839 were handicapped by a rather poor 1005 00:39:13,750 --> 00:39:11,920 electronics technology 1006 00:39:15,750 --> 00:39:13,760 all of their flight vehicles were 1007 00:39:16,550 --> 00:39:15,760 pressurized 1008 00:39:18,310 --> 00:39:16,560 they 1009 00:39:20,790 --> 00:39:18,320 had a weak 1010 00:39:22,230 --> 00:39:20,800 engineering system engineering 1011 00:39:23,190 --> 00:39:22,240 discipline 1012 00:39:24,390 --> 00:39:23,200 and 1013 00:39:31,750 --> 00:39:24,400 they 1014 00:39:37,349 --> 00:39:35,190 poor buildings and things for 1015 00:39:40,230 --> 00:39:37,359 ground system testing they didn't do 1016 00:39:42,390 --> 00:39:40,240 sufficient ground system testing 1017 00:39:45,349 --> 00:39:42,400 and they probably the worst was this 1018 00:39:47,750 --> 00:39:45,359 very complex this entangled 1019 00:39:48,630 --> 00:39:47,760 and heavy-handed national system they 1020 00:39:51,190 --> 00:39:48,640 had 1021 00:39:52,710 --> 00:39:51,200 for control and supply 1022 00:39:54,550 --> 00:39:52,720 uh 1023 00:39:56,630 --> 00:39:54,560 but in the early years in spite of all 1024 00:39:58,950 --> 00:39:56,640 of this after after 15 years of the 1025 00:40:00,630 --> 00:39:58,960 program they achieved a very large 1026 00:40:01,910 --> 00:40:00,640 number of firsts 1027 00:40:04,550 --> 00:40:01,920 and among them 1028 00:40:06,550 --> 00:40:04,560 uh they were the first on the moon 1029 00:40:08,950 --> 00:40:06,560 they were first on venus 1030 00:40:23,190 --> 00:40:08,960 actually first on mars 1031 00:40:26,710 --> 00:40:24,870 good morning 1032 00:40:28,870 --> 00:40:26,720 first of all let me say that i'm very 1033 00:40:30,710 --> 00:40:28,880 much pleased to be here 1034 00:40:32,710 --> 00:40:30,720 appreciate the invitation to take part 1035 00:40:36,309 --> 00:40:32,720 in this symposium 1036 00:40:39,109 --> 00:40:36,319 and also i would like to appreciate 1037 00:40:40,390 --> 00:40:39,119 the joint efforts we undertaken jointly 1038 00:40:41,589 --> 00:40:40,400 with 1039 00:40:47,510 --> 00:40:41,599 us 1040 00:40:50,630 --> 00:40:47,520 on soviet robots 1041 00:40:52,870 --> 00:40:50,640 because at the first time in the history 1042 00:40:55,190 --> 00:40:52,880 it's absolutely objectively 1043 00:40:56,950 --> 00:40:55,200 reflect the situation in the former 1044 00:40:59,910 --> 00:40:56,960 soviet union 1045 00:41:01,430 --> 00:40:59,920 and it's allowed us 1046 00:41:04,950 --> 00:41:01,440 to 1047 00:41:08,069 --> 00:41:04,960 the problems 1048 00:41:10,790 --> 00:41:08,079 from the different viewpoints 1049 00:41:12,150 --> 00:41:10,800 but in very 1050 00:41:14,550 --> 00:41:12,160 accurate 1051 00:41:17,349 --> 00:41:14,560 and very realistic historical 1052 00:41:19,430 --> 00:41:17,359 retrospective 1053 00:41:20,550 --> 00:41:19,440 um 1054 00:41:23,030 --> 00:41:20,560 well 1055 00:41:24,309 --> 00:41:23,040 wes perfectly 1056 00:41:26,710 --> 00:41:24,319 reported 1057 00:41:29,510 --> 00:41:26,720 the main issues 1058 00:41:30,870 --> 00:41:29,520 of this book 1059 00:41:33,190 --> 00:41:30,880 and a 1060 00:41:36,069 --> 00:41:33,200 very proper description 1061 00:41:39,510 --> 00:41:36,079 of the situation that we had 1062 00:41:41,910 --> 00:41:39,520 throughout the first several decades 1063 00:41:43,109 --> 00:41:41,920 of space era 1064 00:41:44,630 --> 00:41:43,119 and 1065 00:41:47,589 --> 00:41:44,640 well 1066 00:41:49,430 --> 00:41:47,599 i've been a part of this process 1067 00:41:52,470 --> 00:41:49,440 throughout the 1068 00:41:53,589 --> 00:41:52,480 years beginning of the first luna 1069 00:41:56,069 --> 00:41:53,599 missions 1070 00:41:58,069 --> 00:41:56,079 so i witnessed the situation just 1071 00:41:59,750 --> 00:41:58,079 sitting inside 1072 00:42:01,670 --> 00:41:59,760 and 1073 00:42:03,270 --> 00:42:01,680 well 1074 00:42:04,390 --> 00:42:03,280 i wouldn't like 1075 00:42:06,150 --> 00:42:04,400 just 1076 00:42:08,150 --> 00:42:06,160 to leave you 1077 00:42:11,589 --> 00:42:08,160 with the impression 1078 00:42:14,470 --> 00:42:11,599 that everything is already over 1079 00:42:17,910 --> 00:42:14,480 that we completely you know 1080 00:42:18,950 --> 00:42:17,920 just finished our efforts 1081 00:42:20,470 --> 00:42:18,960 and 1082 00:42:21,349 --> 00:42:20,480 i will try 1083 00:42:23,430 --> 00:42:21,359 to 1084 00:42:24,870 --> 00:42:23,440 complement a little bit 1085 00:42:27,430 --> 00:42:24,880 the talk 1086 00:42:30,950 --> 00:42:27,440 verse gave you to you 1087 00:42:34,230 --> 00:42:30,960 and to tell about the current situation 1088 00:42:36,150 --> 00:42:34,240 in the modern in the current russia 1089 00:42:38,150 --> 00:42:36,160 and just to 1090 00:42:40,230 --> 00:42:38,160 give a few 1091 00:42:41,910 --> 00:42:40,240 actually principal 1092 00:42:43,829 --> 00:42:41,920 items 1093 00:42:46,230 --> 00:42:43,839 to 1094 00:42:47,430 --> 00:42:46,240 tell about some 1095 00:42:48,790 --> 00:42:47,440 new 1096 00:42:51,190 --> 00:42:48,800 ideas 1097 00:42:55,270 --> 00:42:51,200 and the process which currently 1098 00:42:59,109 --> 00:42:56,630 okay 1099 00:43:02,390 --> 00:42:59,119 so 1100 00:43:04,309 --> 00:43:02,400 union 1101 00:43:06,950 --> 00:43:04,319 badly impacted 1102 00:43:10,550 --> 00:43:06,960 on the situation in the country 1103 00:43:12,069 --> 00:43:10,560 and it was followed by social economical 1104 00:43:13,670 --> 00:43:12,079 turmoil 1105 00:43:14,710 --> 00:43:13,680 upheaven 1106 00:43:15,589 --> 00:43:14,720 and 1107 00:43:18,069 --> 00:43:15,599 well 1108 00:43:20,710 --> 00:43:18,079 actually impacted badly impacted on the 1109 00:43:23,349 --> 00:43:20,720 space program 1110 00:43:25,670 --> 00:43:23,359 specifically on the planetary 1111 00:43:27,990 --> 00:43:25,680 exploration 1112 00:43:29,990 --> 00:43:28,000 well space budget was shrank 1113 00:43:31,349 --> 00:43:30,000 dramatically 1114 00:43:33,109 --> 00:43:31,359 for 1115 00:43:36,870 --> 00:43:33,119 nearly 10 years 1116 00:43:37,990 --> 00:43:36,880 we had very poor governmental supply 1117 00:43:39,829 --> 00:43:38,000 and 1118 00:43:42,230 --> 00:43:39,839 space facilities 1119 00:43:44,470 --> 00:43:42,240 were probably destroyed 1120 00:43:47,430 --> 00:43:44,480 many people linked 1121 00:43:50,790 --> 00:43:47,440 lose the people and 1122 00:43:52,550 --> 00:43:50,800 cooperative links 1123 00:43:54,150 --> 00:43:52,560 broken 1124 00:43:56,950 --> 00:43:54,160 skill personnel 1125 00:43:58,470 --> 00:43:56,960 in space science and technology 1126 00:44:00,470 --> 00:43:58,480 lost 1127 00:44:01,430 --> 00:44:00,480 it was really awful situation in the 1128 00:44:03,589 --> 00:44:01,440 country 1129 00:44:05,190 --> 00:44:03,599 and mars 96 1130 00:44:08,550 --> 00:44:05,200 it was prepared 1131 00:44:10,710 --> 00:44:08,560 as a such very poor background you know 1132 00:44:12,390 --> 00:44:10,720 it was actually you know i've been in 1133 00:44:15,750 --> 00:44:12,400 the facilities and the lavican 1134 00:44:17,670 --> 00:44:15,760 enterprise it was assembled by the 1135 00:44:20,630 --> 00:44:17,680 partially hungry people 1136 00:44:22,790 --> 00:44:20,640 so we couldn't expect that it will be 1137 00:44:25,190 --> 00:44:22,800 success and this all happened 1138 00:44:28,150 --> 00:44:25,200 mars 96 1139 00:44:29,349 --> 00:44:28,160 in which participated 22 countries 1140 00:44:30,710 --> 00:44:29,359 failed 1141 00:44:33,270 --> 00:44:30,720 and 1142 00:44:35,589 --> 00:44:33,280 well it was great disaster 1143 00:44:38,230 --> 00:44:35,599 and really again 1144 00:44:39,190 --> 00:44:38,240 very badly impacted on the planetary 1145 00:44:40,150 --> 00:44:39,200 program 1146 00:44:42,870 --> 00:44:40,160 well 1147 00:44:46,470 --> 00:44:45,190 initially it looks like 1148 00:44:52,309 --> 00:44:46,480 no 1149 00:44:54,630 --> 00:44:52,319 but i will try you to tell you 1150 00:44:57,510 --> 00:44:54,640 that the situation right now 1151 00:44:59,910 --> 00:44:57,520 much more optimistic and that's why i'm 1152 00:45:01,190 --> 00:44:59,920 quoting at the 1153 00:45:02,550 --> 00:45:01,200 upper part 1154 00:45:08,150 --> 00:45:02,560 the 1155 00:45:10,150 --> 00:45:08,160 famous american author mark twain 1156 00:45:11,750 --> 00:45:10,160 rumors about 1157 00:45:14,150 --> 00:45:11,760 my death 1158 00:45:16,829 --> 00:45:14,160 are too exaggerated 1159 00:45:20,870 --> 00:45:16,839 that's the situation to us right 1160 00:45:23,829 --> 00:45:21,910 after 1161 00:45:28,069 --> 00:45:23,839 march 96 loss 1162 00:45:30,630 --> 00:45:28,079 we decided to completely renovate 1163 00:45:38,150 --> 00:45:34,309 basic idea called the planetary missions 1164 00:45:39,990 --> 00:45:38,160 and it was originally a group of several 1165 00:45:43,750 --> 00:45:40,000 enthusiastic people 1166 00:45:46,710 --> 00:45:43,760 we work for nothing i just reported at 1167 00:45:49,030 --> 00:45:46,720 the first idea about the new concept of 1168 00:45:50,069 --> 00:45:49,040 the planetary spacecraft in one of the 1169 00:45:52,630 --> 00:45:50,079 meeting 1170 00:45:54,390 --> 00:45:52,640 at the end of 90s and some good 1171 00:45:56,470 --> 00:45:54,400 colleagues of maya addressed me and said 1172 00:45:59,670 --> 00:45:56,480 well okay you are 1173 00:46:02,630 --> 00:45:59,680 working not being paid you are either 1174 00:46:04,390 --> 00:46:02,640 romantic or completely stupid i said 1175 00:46:06,710 --> 00:46:04,400 both 1176 00:46:09,109 --> 00:46:06,720 okay anyway 1177 00:46:10,710 --> 00:46:09,119 it was completely new approach 1178 00:46:13,750 --> 00:46:10,720 and 1179 00:46:16,309 --> 00:46:13,760 it was essentially the basic spacecraft 1180 00:46:19,270 --> 00:46:16,319 which underlined the phobos ground 1181 00:46:23,109 --> 00:46:19,280 mission we targeted just to return back 1182 00:46:24,230 --> 00:46:23,119 to the poorly implemented uh phobos 88 1183 00:46:26,870 --> 00:46:24,240 mission 1184 00:46:31,349 --> 00:46:26,880 with a completely new spacecraft and 1185 00:46:33,430 --> 00:46:31,359 it's shown the main concept i mean the 1186 00:46:41,430 --> 00:46:33,440 spacecraft profile 1187 00:46:46,630 --> 00:46:41,440 and the 1188 00:46:49,349 --> 00:46:47,829 flight 1189 00:46:51,030 --> 00:46:49,359 toward 1190 00:46:53,829 --> 00:46:51,040 mars and phobos 1191 00:46:55,030 --> 00:46:53,839 in this sketch 1192 00:46:57,349 --> 00:46:55,040 well 1193 00:46:59,589 --> 00:46:57,359 unfortunately because 1194 00:47:02,150 --> 00:46:59,599 insufficient finding 1195 00:47:05,910 --> 00:47:02,160 the mission postponed three times 1196 00:47:07,190 --> 00:47:05,920 originally it was scheduled for 204 1197 00:47:07,910 --> 00:47:07,200 204 1198 00:47:11,670 --> 00:47:07,920 but 1199 00:47:14,630 --> 00:47:11,680 actually it was launched in 2011 1200 00:47:16,950 --> 00:47:14,640 we very much relied on this mission 1201 00:47:19,349 --> 00:47:16,960 and i personally worked on the mission 1202 00:47:21,829 --> 00:47:19,359 for in about 15 years 1203 00:47:22,710 --> 00:47:21,839 and when it failed 1204 00:47:25,109 --> 00:47:22,720 and 1205 00:47:27,910 --> 00:47:25,119 couldn't leave the 1206 00:47:30,390 --> 00:47:27,920 uh leo orbit 1207 00:47:32,549 --> 00:47:30,400 it was like it's a personal tragedy to 1208 00:47:34,150 --> 00:47:32,559 myself even 1209 00:47:36,390 --> 00:47:34,160 basically 1210 00:47:40,150 --> 00:47:36,400 the failure was caused 1211 00:47:43,510 --> 00:47:40,160 by the factors rooted in the destroying 1212 00:47:46,069 --> 00:47:43,520 90s in our planetary program that is 1213 00:47:50,309 --> 00:47:46,079 some kind of the harvesting just what we 1214 00:47:52,549 --> 00:47:50,319 had with the phobos ground mission 1215 00:47:55,349 --> 00:47:52,559 okay as i said 1216 00:47:57,910 --> 00:47:55,359 not so bad everything right now 1217 00:48:00,630 --> 00:47:57,920 i will try to get you acquainted with 1218 00:48:04,230 --> 00:48:00,640 the principal steps forward we are right 1219 00:48:05,349 --> 00:48:04,240 now undertaken and this is russian space 1220 00:48:06,870 --> 00:48:05,359 program 1221 00:48:08,150 --> 00:48:06,880 on science 1222 00:48:09,349 --> 00:48:08,160 generally 1223 00:48:11,589 --> 00:48:09,359 but 1224 00:48:13,430 --> 00:48:11,599 this is 1225 00:48:15,270 --> 00:48:13,440 bottom band 1226 00:48:17,510 --> 00:48:15,280 it's just missions 1227 00:48:19,990 --> 00:48:17,520 for the solar 1228 00:48:22,230 --> 00:48:20,000 sun exploration and astrophysical 1229 00:48:23,349 --> 00:48:22,240 mission i will not comment it 1230 00:48:28,710 --> 00:48:23,359 also 1231 00:48:37,030 --> 00:48:33,670 okay that's it's s of middle of two or 1232 00:48:40,390 --> 00:48:37,040 and right now it's already modified 1233 00:48:41,670 --> 00:48:40,400 because the time change very fast 1234 00:48:48,390 --> 00:48:41,680 anyway 1235 00:48:53,030 --> 00:48:51,430 fobo soil was failed as i said 1236 00:48:54,470 --> 00:48:53,040 right now 1237 00:48:57,750 --> 00:48:54,480 excuse me 1238 00:48:59,349 --> 00:48:57,760 they focused on the moon exploration 1239 00:49:02,710 --> 00:48:59,359 and in the moon 1240 00:49:05,829 --> 00:49:04,150 exploration 1241 00:49:09,589 --> 00:49:05,839 we just 1242 00:49:10,710 --> 00:49:09,599 plan to launch in the coming years three 1243 00:49:14,069 --> 00:49:10,720 missions 1244 00:49:16,309 --> 00:49:14,079 first one is the luna globe but here 1245 00:49:17,750 --> 00:49:16,319 it's shown only one spacecraft because 1246 00:49:20,710 --> 00:49:17,760 it's originally 1247 00:49:23,510 --> 00:49:20,720 fought to be just an assembly both 1248 00:49:24,390 --> 00:49:23,520 orbiter and lander right now 1249 00:49:28,230 --> 00:49:24,400 we 1250 00:49:33,190 --> 00:49:28,240 launch in 2015 luna globe lender 1251 00:49:33,990 --> 00:49:33,200 followed by luna uh globe orbiter 1252 00:49:35,910 --> 00:49:34,000 in 1253 00:49:38,230 --> 00:49:35,920 2016. 1254 00:49:40,470 --> 00:49:38,240 luna resource it's more 1255 00:49:43,430 --> 00:49:40,480 large scale it's 1256 00:49:45,910 --> 00:49:43,440 well very small rover which will be 1257 00:49:47,829 --> 00:49:45,920 complemented and just joined to the 1258 00:49:51,270 --> 00:49:47,839 spacecraft 1259 00:49:54,309 --> 00:49:51,280 by the request of the indian 1260 00:49:57,829 --> 00:49:54,319 site because the indians participated 1261 00:50:00,710 --> 00:49:57,839 originally in this program and even we 1262 00:50:01,990 --> 00:50:00,720 intended to launch lunarisus on the 1263 00:50:04,069 --> 00:50:02,000 indian 1264 00:50:07,109 --> 00:50:04,079 launcher but 1265 00:50:10,549 --> 00:50:07,119 they encountered some problems with the 1266 00:50:13,510 --> 00:50:10,559 testing of their stage a second stage 1267 00:50:16,390 --> 00:50:13,520 engine and right now it decided that we 1268 00:50:18,069 --> 00:50:16,400 will do it by our own so for lunar 1269 00:50:19,910 --> 00:50:18,079 program for the coming year we have 1270 00:50:22,790 --> 00:50:19,920 three launchers already 1271 00:50:25,030 --> 00:50:22,800 committed and i think this program will 1272 00:50:28,230 --> 00:50:25,040 be implemented 1273 00:50:31,349 --> 00:50:28,240 well next is the venera g but whenever d 1274 00:50:33,589 --> 00:50:31,359 it was scheduled originally for 2 or 16 1275 00:50:37,670 --> 00:50:33,599 but right now it postponed 1276 00:50:40,950 --> 00:50:37,680 after 2 or 20 something like i guess to 1277 00:50:44,390 --> 00:50:40,960 23 25. 1278 00:50:47,990 --> 00:50:44,400 also it's at mars net but mars net 1279 00:50:49,270 --> 00:50:48,000 it's just it was original concept 1280 00:50:52,390 --> 00:50:49,280 and 1281 00:50:54,150 --> 00:50:52,400 this is a sort of the small vehicles 1282 00:50:57,190 --> 00:50:54,160 judiciously 1283 00:50:59,109 --> 00:50:57,200 distributed over the surface and control 1284 00:51:03,510 --> 00:50:59,119 by the flying computer 1285 00:51:07,349 --> 00:51:03,520 actually very wise very nice concept and 1286 00:51:10,630 --> 00:51:07,359 right now it's also cancelled because 1287 00:51:13,510 --> 00:51:10,640 after americans stepped down from the 1288 00:51:17,829 --> 00:51:13,520 program exomars which were invited by 1289 00:51:21,190 --> 00:51:17,839 the europeans the doors became open and 1290 00:51:24,470 --> 00:51:21,200 we entered the doors and right now this 1291 00:51:28,150 --> 00:51:24,480 uh already agreement exists committed 1292 00:51:32,309 --> 00:51:28,160 with the europeans and its looks like 1293 00:51:37,030 --> 00:51:32,319 exomars not mars net will be implemented 1294 00:51:39,630 --> 00:51:37,040 in the two phases first phase 2016 1295 00:51:43,349 --> 00:51:39,640 it will be orbiter and 1296 00:51:44,390 --> 00:51:43,359 2018 it will be lower on the mars 1297 00:51:48,390 --> 00:51:44,400 surface 1298 00:51:51,670 --> 00:51:48,400 and uh finally not finally actually the 1299 00:51:53,910 --> 00:51:51,680 lunar program will be followed by the 1300 00:51:55,829 --> 00:51:53,920 it's already in the blueprint 1301 00:51:59,430 --> 00:51:55,839 this will be followed by the two 1302 00:52:01,670 --> 00:51:59,440 missions very capable lunar rover with 1303 00:52:04,230 --> 00:52:01,680 the capable manipulator 1304 00:52:07,670 --> 00:52:04,240 in order to pick up different samples 1305 00:52:10,870 --> 00:52:07,680 and then with the return 1306 00:52:14,069 --> 00:52:10,880 rocket will be landed just beside this 1307 00:52:20,390 --> 00:52:17,750 both lunar globe lunar resource and also 1308 00:52:22,630 --> 00:52:20,400 the follow-up missions are targeted to 1309 00:52:24,870 --> 00:52:22,640 be landed in the uh 1310 00:52:27,990 --> 00:52:24,880 south pole in order 1311 00:52:31,430 --> 00:52:28,000 with the main idea beginning of the luna 1312 00:52:35,670 --> 00:52:31,440 globe just to study volatiles and first 1313 00:52:36,630 --> 00:52:35,680 of all the water deposits in this soil 1314 00:52:40,549 --> 00:52:36,640 okay 1315 00:52:43,109 --> 00:52:40,559 and finally we are going also to 1316 00:52:45,430 --> 00:52:43,119 continue our efforts for the mars 1317 00:52:48,870 --> 00:52:45,440 exploration and 1318 00:52:51,349 --> 00:52:48,880 in our blueprint mars sample return is 1319 00:52:53,349 --> 00:52:51,359 scheduled for 2 1320 00:52:54,549 --> 00:52:53,359 000 22. 1321 00:52:57,910 --> 00:52:54,559 i hope 1322 00:53:01,349 --> 00:52:57,920 it will be possibly possible to do 1323 00:53:04,309 --> 00:53:01,359 well let me conclude with the very nice 1324 00:53:05,990 --> 00:53:04,319 quoting from the american 1325 00:53:08,150 --> 00:53:06,000 uh good 1326 00:53:11,030 --> 00:53:08,160 publisher writer 1327 00:53:14,710 --> 00:53:11,040 david harland who just published his 1328 00:53:17,990 --> 00:53:14,720 comment on the our this and my book on 1329 00:53:21,990 --> 00:53:18,000 soviet robots and i don't need just to 1330 00:53:25,109 --> 00:53:22,000 read it but just only right to pay your 1331 00:53:27,030 --> 00:53:25,119 ask to draw your attention that it was 1332 00:53:31,030 --> 00:53:27,040 demonstrate 1333 00:53:33,990 --> 00:53:31,040 that planetary scientists and engineers 1334 00:53:36,069 --> 00:53:34,000 in the soviet union russia have been 1335 00:53:39,349 --> 00:53:36,079 working with 1336 00:53:42,549 --> 00:53:39,359 uh minimal resources poor political 1337 00:53:45,430 --> 00:53:42,559 support and less than optimal 1338 00:53:49,510 --> 00:53:45,440 technologies many years 1339 00:53:52,870 --> 00:53:49,520 and in the conclusion that phobos ground 1340 00:53:56,069 --> 00:53:52,880 must be viewed as part of long train of 1341 00:53:59,510 --> 00:53:56,079 missions over the years i hope it is not 1342 00:54:02,710 --> 00:53:59,520 the last such missions undertaken just 1343 00:54:05,990 --> 00:54:02,720 what i try to show you and try to 1344 00:54:06,950 --> 00:54:06,000 persuade you actually actually let me 1345 00:54:08,470 --> 00:54:06,960 con 1346 00:54:10,630 --> 00:54:08,480 also repeat 1347 00:54:13,349 --> 00:54:10,640 like mark twain 1348 00:54:17,349 --> 00:54:13,359 rumors about our 1349 00:54:20,230 --> 00:54:17,359 death about that planetary program in 1350 00:54:29,510 --> 00:54:20,240 modern russia too much exaggerated thank 1351 00:54:33,510 --> 00:54:31,349 we are running over but uh the next 1352 00:54:36,789 --> 00:54:33,520 panel we're uh short of paper so we're 1353 00:54:38,470 --> 00:54:36,799 gonna run a little bit let's take about 1354 00:54:44,870 --> 00:54:38,480 three questions how about why should 1355 00:54:49,670 --> 00:54:47,270 here with you 1356 00:54:52,150 --> 00:54:49,680 uh this question is uh directed to 1357 00:54:53,030 --> 00:54:52,160 mikhail uh as you 1358 00:54:55,910 --> 00:54:53,040 uh 1359 00:54:56,950 --> 00:54:55,920 correctly pointed out the united states 1360 00:54:59,750 --> 00:54:56,960 had 1361 00:55:02,230 --> 00:54:59,760 changed its um approach now with mars 1362 00:55:05,829 --> 00:55:02,240 and backed off its agreement with esa 1363 00:55:07,910 --> 00:55:05,839 for the 16 trace gas orbiter and the 18 1364 00:55:10,390 --> 00:55:07,920 exomars rover 1365 00:55:15,589 --> 00:55:13,109 as you also mentioned the aspects of 1366 00:55:18,230 --> 00:55:15,599 that now are are 1367 00:55:21,589 --> 00:55:18,240 allowing russia to to make a more solid 1368 00:55:23,190 --> 00:55:21,599 agreement uh with esap how is that 1369 00:55:26,470 --> 00:55:23,200 helping 1370 00:55:29,030 --> 00:55:26,480 raise the cost and and expertise and 1371 00:55:30,789 --> 00:55:29,040 attracting new engineers and 1372 00:55:33,670 --> 00:55:30,799 into into the uh 1373 00:55:34,390 --> 00:55:33,680 russian program is that helping oh thank 1374 00:55:36,630 --> 00:55:34,400 you 1375 00:55:39,190 --> 00:55:36,640 well 1376 00:55:40,390 --> 00:55:39,200 according to the agreement we signed i 1377 00:55:41,670 --> 00:55:40,400 mean 1378 00:55:47,750 --> 00:55:41,680 russian 1379 00:55:51,270 --> 00:55:47,760 popovkin and the head of isa it was just 1380 00:55:55,270 --> 00:55:52,789 single efforts 1381 00:55:58,150 --> 00:55:55,280 it was not specifically committed to 1382 00:56:00,630 --> 00:55:58,160 make something jointly okay it will be 1383 00:56:04,710 --> 00:56:00,640 different component which we assembly in 1384 00:56:10,309 --> 00:56:07,670 and well i could compliment also i do 1385 00:56:13,589 --> 00:56:10,319 not envisage that it will be some kind 1386 00:56:14,630 --> 00:56:13,599 of the additional support for in for 1387 00:56:17,829 --> 00:56:14,640 example 1388 00:56:20,710 --> 00:56:17,839 in terms of the western technology 1389 00:56:26,150 --> 00:56:20,720 invested in the program no we will be 1390 00:56:28,789 --> 00:56:27,589 well okay 1391 00:56:30,549 --> 00:56:28,799 uh as 1392 00:56:31,349 --> 00:56:30,559 thank you wes 1393 00:56:32,950 --> 00:56:31,359 well 1394 00:56:34,150 --> 00:56:32,960 you know 1395 00:56:35,270 --> 00:56:34,160 certainly 1396 00:56:36,390 --> 00:56:35,280 the more 1397 00:56:38,549 --> 00:56:36,400 uh 1398 00:56:40,150 --> 00:56:38,559 joint efforts will be 1399 00:56:41,430 --> 00:56:40,160 in the area 1400 00:56:43,510 --> 00:56:41,440 of the 1401 00:56:46,230 --> 00:56:43,520 bringing people together 1402 00:56:48,309 --> 00:56:46,240 but this already you know just a good 1403 00:56:51,589 --> 00:56:48,319 experience we're having for throughout 1404 00:56:53,910 --> 00:56:51,599 the years because you know our 1405 00:56:56,390 --> 00:56:53,920 specialists first of all our scientists 1406 00:56:58,470 --> 00:56:56,400 working together with americans and with 1407 00:57:01,349 --> 00:56:58,480 europeans and 1408 00:57:03,670 --> 00:57:01,359 for example venus express and venus 1409 00:57:06,549 --> 00:57:03,680 and mars mars express and venus express 1410 00:57:09,190 --> 00:57:06,559 missions they are just you know uh 1411 00:57:13,670 --> 00:57:09,200 equipped with something like possibly 50 1412 00:57:16,230 --> 00:57:13,680 percent of the russian instruments 1413 00:57:19,829 --> 00:57:16,240 and engineering also 1414 00:57:21,910 --> 00:57:19,839 doing very closely together 1415 00:57:24,069 --> 00:57:21,920 hi a great talk um you know we've heard 1416 00:57:25,510 --> 00:57:24,079 a lot here uh yesterday about the 1417 00:57:26,549 --> 00:57:25,520 political support for the american 1418 00:57:28,870 --> 00:57:26,559 program 1419 00:57:31,030 --> 00:57:28,880 and i'm curious about the 1420 00:57:33,109 --> 00:57:31,040 process on the soviet side by which all 1421 00:57:34,390 --> 00:57:33,119 these missions were proposed and 1422 00:57:35,190 --> 00:57:34,400 approved and where you could whether you 1423 00:57:37,430 --> 00:57:35,200 could 1424 00:57:39,030 --> 00:57:37,440 talk a little bit about the process um 1425 00:57:40,630 --> 00:57:39,040 who were the decision makers who were 1426 00:57:42,230 --> 00:57:40,640 the people who need to be persuaded to 1427 00:57:44,069 --> 00:57:42,240 support these things 1428 00:57:45,349 --> 00:57:44,079 presumably the role of the ministry of 1429 00:57:47,109 --> 00:57:45,359 general machine building but also 1430 00:57:49,270 --> 00:57:47,119 perhaps the central committee what are 1431 00:57:51,109 --> 00:57:49,280 the roles of you know the institute of 1432 00:57:53,190 --> 00:57:51,119 space research 1433 00:57:55,670 --> 00:57:53,200 the academy of sciences 1434 00:57:57,589 --> 00:57:55,680 how much basically how much support did 1435 00:57:59,670 --> 00:57:57,599 the corolla and the watching design 1436 00:58:02,150 --> 00:57:59,680 bureaus enjoy how did that 1437 00:58:04,150 --> 00:58:02,160 support rise and fall over time through 1438 00:58:07,589 --> 00:58:04,160 the soviet period at least 1439 00:58:13,270 --> 00:58:08,390 right 1440 00:58:15,670 --> 00:58:13,990 well 1441 00:58:17,750 --> 00:58:15,680 mikhail knows a lot more about this than 1442 00:58:19,750 --> 00:58:17,760 i do yeah and he helped me a lot to 1443 00:58:22,630 --> 00:58:19,760 write about the exact same things in the 1444 00:58:24,230 --> 00:58:22,640 book so it's a long story it's a complex 1445 00:58:26,069 --> 00:58:24,240 complicated story 1446 00:58:27,829 --> 00:58:26,079 uh and so it 1447 00:58:29,430 --> 00:58:27,839 it would take us 15 minutes to answer 1448 00:58:32,069 --> 00:58:29,440 all that but read the book it's all in 1449 00:58:33,109 --> 00:58:32,079 there all right well i i could only add 1450 00:58:35,910 --> 00:58:33,119 you know 1451 00:58:38,230 --> 00:58:35,920 uh in the former years which wes told 1452 00:58:40,870 --> 00:58:38,240 you about 1453 00:58:43,190 --> 00:58:40,880 we had no lacking 1454 00:58:45,589 --> 00:58:43,200 with the financial support 1455 00:58:48,230 --> 00:58:45,599 because it was cold war motivation you 1456 00:58:50,549 --> 00:58:48,240 know like a project scientist let me say 1457 00:58:52,789 --> 00:58:50,559 a bill showered money 1458 00:58:55,030 --> 00:58:52,799 if it was some kind lacking i just 1459 00:58:57,829 --> 00:58:55,040 addressed to the decision makers and 1460 00:59:00,549 --> 00:58:57,839 said okay americans will beat us 1461 00:59:01,670 --> 00:59:00,559 it was great motivation 1462 00:59:03,349 --> 00:59:01,680 but 1463 00:59:05,510 --> 00:59:03,359 not right now 1464 00:59:07,829 --> 00:59:05,520 and right now the situation dramatically 1465 00:59:10,549 --> 00:59:07,839 changed and we will be completely 1466 00:59:13,750 --> 00:59:10,559 lacking of resources throughout the 1467 00:59:16,230 --> 00:59:13,760 20 years right now the situation very 1468 00:59:22,230 --> 00:59:16,240 very positively changed and we have 1469 00:59:26,549 --> 00:59:24,309 first of all um that was a really 1470 00:59:29,109 --> 00:59:26,559 fascinating joint presentation by both 1471 00:59:31,510 --> 00:59:29,119 of you and uh i thank you both for both 1472 00:59:33,750 --> 00:59:31,520 for your uh efforts and and sharing all 1473 00:59:36,630 --> 00:59:33,760 this this interesting information and 1474 00:59:38,789 --> 00:59:36,640 and perspective with us um 1475 00:59:39,910 --> 00:59:38,799 in in hearing all this one is struck 1476 00:59:42,710 --> 00:59:39,920 again 1477 00:59:46,309 --> 00:59:42,720 by the the great contrast in the the 1478 00:59:48,470 --> 00:59:46,319 soviet um successes at venus compared to 1479 00:59:50,549 --> 00:59:48,480 the record at mars 1480 00:59:54,309 --> 00:59:50,559 and uh especially hearing these details 1481 00:59:54,950 --> 00:59:54,319 uh the history with mars is a is really 1482 01:00:02,390 --> 00:59:54,960 a 1483 01:00:04,549 --> 01:00:02,400 i wonder 1484 01:00:06,309 --> 01:00:04,559 my question is about your perspective on 1485 01:00:08,950 --> 01:00:06,319 that contrast between the record of 1486 01:00:12,230 --> 01:00:08,960 success at venus and the record of 1487 01:00:13,750 --> 01:00:12,240 of not so much success at mars and 1488 01:00:15,190 --> 01:00:13,760 we've heard a lot of details about how 1489 01:00:17,910 --> 01:00:15,200 all these mars missions could have 1490 01:00:19,829 --> 01:00:17,920 worked and almost worked uh and but my 1491 01:00:21,990 --> 01:00:19,839 question is beyond uh just the sort of 1492 01:00:24,309 --> 01:00:22,000 series of unfortunate events is there 1493 01:00:27,990 --> 01:00:24,319 some more profound explanation that you 1494 01:00:29,109 --> 01:00:28,000 have for this great uh contrast 1495 01:00:33,270 --> 01:00:29,119 first of all 1496 01:00:37,670 --> 01:00:34,150 well 1497 01:00:41,510 --> 01:00:39,349 in the years we 1498 01:00:44,789 --> 01:00:41,520 several times failed 1499 01:00:48,549 --> 01:00:44,799 it was some kind even of 1500 01:00:48,559 --> 01:00:52,870 very very 1501 01:00:58,309 --> 01:00:55,750 i would say not scientific concept 1502 01:01:02,710 --> 01:00:58,319 but somebody sitting on mars preventing 1503 01:01:03,589 --> 01:01:02,720 us to have success okay unlike for venus 1504 01:01:04,950 --> 01:01:03,599 well 1505 01:01:08,829 --> 01:01:04,960 but 1506 01:01:11,109 --> 01:01:08,839 we certainly and i showed you in my 1507 01:01:14,630 --> 01:01:11,119 slides to us 1508 01:01:18,390 --> 01:01:14,640 it was really great lessons learned 1509 01:01:20,630 --> 01:01:18,400 and we very profoundly analyzed that 1510 01:01:23,349 --> 01:01:20,640 everything which happened with us 1511 01:01:26,630 --> 01:01:23,359 specifically we are trying to undertake 1512 01:01:30,630 --> 01:01:26,640 new mars mission okay and it's also 1513 01:01:33,990 --> 01:01:30,640 specifically concerns focus ground laws 1514 01:01:39,750 --> 01:01:34,000 because you know for as i said it's 1515 01:01:42,309 --> 01:01:39,760 rooted in our former you know lacking in 1516 01:01:45,589 --> 01:01:42,319 both in technology 1517 01:01:50,710 --> 01:01:48,230 absolutely agree with wes that it was 1518 01:01:51,589 --> 01:01:50,720 first of all electronics 1519 01:01:55,109 --> 01:01:51,599 okay 1520 01:01:59,190 --> 01:01:55,119 and the avionics actually but 1521 01:02:01,589 --> 01:01:59,200 we realize re analyze it and the new 1522 01:02:09,589 --> 01:02:01,599 approach for the mission is completely 1523 01:02:09,599 --> 01:02:11,990 okay 1524 01:02:15,510 --> 01:02:14,150 i i think that was one of the most 1525 01:02:22,630 --> 01:02:15,520 amazing presentations i've seen a lot of 1526 01:02:27,750 --> 01:02:26,309 and we're gonna we will trim 15 minutes 1527 01:02:29,109 --> 01:02:27,760 let's take a break and be back here